Use of Electronic Monitoring to Measure Employee Productivity Case Study

Use of Electronic Monitoring to Measure Employee Productivity - Case Study physical exertionNevertheless, these systems and tools have promoted intrusion into the private lives of employees by both the profession and the employer. Many organizations have opted to use electronic monitoring to track employee productivity and analyze their electronic communication. The issue of electronic monitoring intrusion into employees privacy has sparked a major debate between the employers and employee advocates. This paper leave discuss the contemporary issues in the use of electronic monitoring by companies to assess employee productivity.Advancement in study technology Technological growth has facilitated accurate collection and storage of a great pool of personal information usually without the permission or knowledge of the employee concerned, and whether such information is necessary for business functions. The organizations collect personal information for reasons of evaluation of emplo yee performance,security,and surety from lawsuits among others. Nevertheless, the privacy laws are not robust enough to shield employees from intrusion (Watt, 2009). Currently, employees of private corporations in the United States lack legal protection against abusive practices of e-mail monitoring. Therefore, American employers can freely intercept, seek, and read any messages stored on the hard drives of employees com baffleer.... This is attributable to the rising incidences of cyber loafing and litigation. Employers believe that their employees will comply with existing organizational benchmarks for behavior when constantly monitored. However, this has resulted to the development of perception of intrusiveness into private life by employees. In the United States, the anxiety somewhat the stock market and concerns more or less safety of families makes employees seek the latest information from the Internet in the workplace (Rurhsani, 2005). Only under special circumstances wo uld employers put up with excessive use of the internet for activities other than job although they feel that it can lower their performance. Organizations are increasingly demanding the individual employees personal information. In spite of enactment of legislation attempting to resolve the issue of privacy, debate is still raging over the ethical issues with regard to the privacy rights. Lack of rational regulation of such monitoring would significantly affect employees privacy rights (Mujtaba, 2003 Rustad & Paulsson, 2005). Besides loss in productivity and liabilities involved with employees cyber loafing, companies are worried about the sending out of sensitive and secretive information to their competitors, vendors, suppliers, and customers by mischievous employees (Rustad & Paulsson, 2005). Incidences have been reported of employees sharing companys confidential information and dispense secrets with outside employees or friends using an employers email system. Moreover, some employees have been found to use an employers Internet to initiate or operate their deliver business while working. Lawsuits may result due to employers being held responsible for employees misuse of the internet

Global Supply Chain Managment (Evaluating the supply chain Essay

Global Supply Chain Managment (Evaluating the go forth chain implications for an organisation) - Essay ExampleAlong with fulfilling the demand there must be the prudence of armory where the inventory level is not that much as comp be to the cost of holding the inventory rises. The business cycles are de statusined where there are booms and slumps and the slipway that are integrated strategically to smoothen the business cycle. The implications of getting green chain and the strategies how the green chain can be followed are kept in mind. The benefits and the disadvantages of having a green chain along with the challenges confront in getting a green supply chain are discussed. The risks associated with the supply chain are elaborated and the sufficient measures along with strategies that can be followed to minimize the risks. The time associated with some of the factors that are applied in the supply chain in lay out to get benefit from it and how the benefit can be utilized is di scussed. 1) The Beer Game For the better understanding of the supply chain where the phenomenon of buying and selling is elaborated, a granular is observed. A beer company is made and the supply chain is created. The different factors of the supply chain are understood better when they were applied and the inventory level changed accordingly. It is essentially about elaboration of demand and supply for the product creating the cause for change in the inventory level in the company. The inventory level was managed by the management of the company in such a way that they do not run out of stock. The proper management of the inventory and handling of the demand and supply shall impact the management of the inventory. The risks of not been able to fulfill the demand are associated with the inventory level where the company runs out of stock and the customers orders cannot be satisfied (Simon, et al., 2000). On the other hand where the demand of the product is not appropriately ascerta ined and the company holds much much inventories then needed and incurs a holding cost. The difficulties faced included the poor management of the inventory as a result of late orders and delays along with the poor estimate of the demand of the product. Supply Chain manner Theory The theory of supply management consists of three elements which are description, prescription and the identification of alleged trends which were completely ignored in the beer game hence causation issues to rise (John, et al., 2006). Supply chain management and purchasing are often termed as similar which is ambiguous. Supply chain management is a much wider term including the operation management and logistics that the company uses in order to rotate a complete business cycle from purchasing to selling. When the company shifts from descriptive to prescriptive, problems rise. The prescriptive is more like a prescription which involves the working characteristics of the supply chain management. The tren ds analyst considers co operations rather than competitions. The trend identification is better observed in measuring the performance of the various factors of the su

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Case Study ExampleAs a teacher, I can engage the students in the academic session twice in two consecutive days. The session involves students in handling bean bags with their hands and throwing them to their partners. They, therefore, end up taking part in a movement pattern of throwing and catching. The session has instructional strategies where the teacher takes a bean bag and demonstrates the movement with one of the students. He or she remains stationary and does an oversewn throw of the bean bag to the travelling student. The student in addition uses an overhand movement pattern to throw the bean bag back to the teacher solely with increased accuracy. All students in the fleshly education engage in the activity in pairs and do what they are instructed by the teacher. The two partners engage in a two-handed catch of a thrown bean bag and reciprocate with one remaining stationary while the other travels and vice versa.The physical exercise of throwing and catching a bean bag i mproves the developmental needs of students involved in the 45-minute session. It increases their attention span and interest in the physical exercise. In addition, a student is able to mingle with another colleague from outside his or her group of friends and experience fun together. The overhand throws movement pattern also increases the manipulative and motor skills of the students. This develops their muscles and other body

Discussion questions ( NO topic ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions ( NO topic ) - Essay ExampleIt is also most appropriate in instances where the data are non easily quantified. Observation study is mostly used in instances where intangible aspects, such as emotions, are involved. Observation is used to determine unforced, innate behavioral patterns in natural settings.There are a number of benefits of stratified consume such as the certainty of representativeness, correlation between strata, and knowledge of only strata and their distinctive features. Stratified sampling generates higher accuracy than random sampling. Moreover, it is usually easier to stratify a sample than to choose randomly. In stratification, researchers can focus on a small number of characteristics and it is more cost-effective and less time-consuming. Stratified sampling also ensures greater coverage, representativeness, or generalizability. The research using stratified sampling has adequate control over the sample hence it generates findings that ar e precise and impartial. Stratified sampling is the best method to acquire data that represent the variety of the population under

US Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US Army - Essay ExampleA) Supporting evidence The leaders self confidence and effectiveness positively impacts aggroup exercise (Stephen, 2011). B) Explanation This statement was completely true in the team that I belong too. The leader was instrumental in inspiring the team to turn over a higher level of comeance. C) So what? I firmly believe that if our team leader was not so inspiring and effective the team would not perform so well. Body Paragraph II Topic time - Communication is an extremely important aspect of group work. A) Supporting evidence - Communication traits are an individuals communicatory and nonverbal behaviors that explain the individuals consistency in message sending and receiving (Anderson & Martin, 1999). B) Explanation The article described different ways in which verbal and non verbal communication affects small teams. C) So what? The team that I was a part of created its own nonverbal communication language. Body Paragraph III Topic sentence - Tas k and guardianship roles played a big part in the functionality of the team. Tasks roles help get the job done, while maintenance roles provide the oil for the machinery (Srds). ... verbal and nonverbal communications are important to send and receive messages effectively during conversations. Task and maintenance roles are a way that groups are able-bodied to achieve their desire outcome The group that I will describe is a special task force group which I belong too at a former employer. The group was composed of five members. The size of the group was adequate. The purpose of the group was to brainstorm ideas for new products. The group was extremely effective. The first attribute that made the group so successful was the presence of a tremendous team leader. The team leader had superb communication, leadership, and people skills. She made everyone feel that their opinions and scuttlebutt were valuable. All the team members got along well and they supported each new(prenominal )s ideas. One of the primary reasons that the group was so effective was due to the fact that the group was able to achieve synergy. Synergy occurs when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Three characteristics that made the team effective were leadership, effective verbal and nonverbal communication, and clearly defined tasks and maintenance roles. The team leader was very flexible and from time to time she let the other members take charge of the group to help them develop their leadership skills. This enabled other team members to develop their leadership skills. Everyone on the team was very responsible, attentive to details, and they delivered their work tasks on a timely manner. Absenteeism among team members to meetings was minimal and rarely would a team member arrive late. Team meetings were held during and after work hours. The meetings after work hours were informal and its purpose was to socialize more than to do actual work. The team

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

HRM - Essay ExampleRecruitment is the process of attracting, evaluating and hiring employees and includes job analysis, sourcing, employee screening and selection and induction process. Job analysis aims at determining the different roles in the job and includes specifying the job requirements through outlining the job description and job specification (Torrington, 2011). The job description identifies the functions of the job within the organization, date terms and reporting relationships of the job holder while the job specification sets out the education, skills, attributes and experience that successful candidates for the job should posses (McKenna & Beech, 2008). Google is constantly looking for graduate-level job entrants to aggregate their teams and uses both online and off-line advertisement media to attract suitable job candidates for the position. Google uses various sources in its recruitment and some include Google recruitment events such as Google Games, Google formul a Jam competition, Campus recruitment and Google Ambassador Program. The job adverts are placed in notice boards, company magazines, newspapers and company website. The company shortlists suitable candidates who meet the minimum criteria and invites them for a series of wonders that aim at assessing the candidates job knowledge, skills, and behaviors (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). concord to the company website, the hiring process is simple and involves first conversation with the recruiter, a phone interview and onsite interview at the company offices. The hiring process aims at increasing communication with the prospective candidates. The panel interview aims at discovering the leadership skills, role-related knowledge, conceptual and analytic skills and Googleyness (Sutherland, 2012).According to the company website, they are looking to hire the next

International Trade and Nepal Essay Example for Free

International Trade and Nepal EssayAn isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The country has, however, do progress toward sustainable scotch growth since the 1950s and is committed to a program of economic liberalization. Nepal has used a series of five-year plans in an attempt to view as progress in economic development. It arrestd its ninth economic development plan in 2002 its currency has been made convertible, and 17 give in enterprises have been privatized. Foreign aid rates for more than half of the development budget. Government priorities over the years have been the development of transportation and communication facilities, agriculture, and industry.Since 1975, improved disposal administration and rural development efforts have been emphasized. Agriculture re mains Nepals principal economic activity, employin g 80% of the cosmos and providing 37% of GDP. Only about 20% of the count atomic number 18a is cultivable another 33% is forested most of the rest is mountainous. Rice and wheat atomic number 18 the main viands crops. The lowland Terai region produces an pastoral surplus, part of which supplies the forage-deficient hill atomic number 18as. Economic development in social work and infrastructure has not made dramatic progress ascribable to GDP colony on India. A countrywide primary education system is under development, and Tribhuvan University has several campuses.Please see Education in Nepal for further details. Although eradication efforts continue, malaria had been controlled in the fertile but previously uninhabitable Terai region in the south. Kathmandu is linked to India and nearby hill regions by road and an expanding highway nedeucerk. The cracking was more or less out of fuel and transport of supplies caused by a crippling general strike in southern Nepal on Fe bruary 17, 2008. Major towns argon connected to the swell by telephone and municipal air services.The export-oriented carpet and garment industries have grown rapidly in recent years and together now account for approximately 70% of merchandise exports. Nepal was ranked 54th worst of 81 ranked countries (those with GHI 5.0) on the Global Hunger Index in 2011, between Cambodia and Togo. Nepals current scar of 19.9 is better than in 2010 (20.0) and much improved than its score of 27.5 in 1990Relations between India and Nepal are close stock-still fraught with difficulties stemming from geographical location, economics, the problems inherent in big power-small power relations, and common ethnic, linguistic and cultural identities that overlap the two countries borders. hot Delhi and Kathmandu initiated their intertwined relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal agreement of Peace and Friendship and accompanying garner that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing twain bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian soil. The 1950 agreement and letters express that neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor and obligated both sides to inform each(prenominal) other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the warm relations subsisting between the two governments.These accordances cemented a special relationship between India and Nepal that granted Nepal preferential economic treatment and provided Nepali in India the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens. Jayant Prasad is Indias ambassador to Nepal. Nepal is developing county with an agricultural economy. In recent years, the countrys efforts to expand into manufacturing industries and other technological sectors have achieved much progress. Farming is the main economic activity followed by manufacturing, trade and touristry. The c hief rises of foreign currency earnings are merchandise export, services, tourism and Gurkha remittances. The annual Gross Domestic growth (GDP) is about US$ 4.3 Billion.Agriculture Eight out of 10 Nepalese are engaged in farming and it accounts for more than 40% of the GDP. Rolling field and neat terraces kitty be seen all over the Terai flatlands and the hills of Nepal. Even in the highly urbanized Kathmandu Valley, large tracts of land outside the city areas are devoted to farming. Rice is the staple diet in Nepal and around three million tons are produced annually. Other major crops are maize, wheat, millet and barley. Besides food grains, Cash crops Like Sugarcane, oil seeds, tobacco, jute and tea are besides cultivated in large quantities,Manufacturing Manufacturing is still at the developmental stage and it represents less than 10% of the GDP. Major industries are woolen carpets, garments, textiles, leather products, paper and cement. Other products made in Nepal are s teel utensils, cigarettes, beverages and sugar. There are galore(postnominal) modern large-scale factories but the majority are cottage or small scale operations. Most of Nepals industries are based in the Kathmandu Valley and a gearing of Small towns in the southern Terai Plains.Trade Commerce has been a major occupation in Nepal since early times. Being situated at the crossroads of the antique Trans-Himalayan trade route, trading is second nature to the Nepalese mickle. Foreign trade is characterized mainly by import of construct products and export of agricultural raw materials. Nepal imports manufactured goods and petroleum products worth about US$ 1 billion annually.The value of exports is about US$ 315 million. Woolen carpets are Nepals largest export, earning the country over US$ cxxxv million per year. Garment exports account for more than US$ 74 million and handicraft goods bring in about US$ 1 million. Other of the essence(p) exports are pulses, hides and skins, ju te and medicinal herbs.Tourism In 1998, a total of 463,684 tourists visited Nepal, do tourism one of the largest industries in the Kingdom. This sector has been expanding rapidly since its inception in the 1950. give thanks to Nepals natural beauty, rich cultural heritage and the diversity of sight-seeing and adventure opportunities available. At one time, tourism used to be the biggest foreign currency earner for the country. Nepal pull in over US$ 152 million from tourism in 1998.INDEPENDENT POLITICAL HISTORY19501970In the 1950s, Nepal welcomed close relations with India, but as the number of Nepalese victuals and working in India increased and the involvement of India in Nepals economy deepened in the 1960s and after, so too did Nepalese discomfort with the special relationship. Tensions came to a head in the mid-1970s, when Nepal pressed for substantial amendments in its favor in the trade and transit treaty and openly criticized Indias 1975 annexation of Sikkim which was c onsidered as part of greater Nepal.In 1975 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev proposed that Nepal be recognized internationally as a zone of peace he received support from China and Pakistan. In sassy Delhis view, if the kings proposal did not contradict the 1950 treaty an extension of nonalignment, it was unnecessary if it was a repudiation of the special relationship, it represented a possible threat to Indias security and could not be endorsed. In 1984 Nepal repeated the proposal, but there was no reaction from India. Nepal continually promoted the proposal in international forums and by 1990 it had won the support of 112 countries.19701980In 1978 India agreed to separate trade and transit treaties, satisfying a colossal-term Nepalese demand. In 1988, when the two treaties were up for re smartal, Nepals refusal to accommodate Indias wishes on the transit treaty caused India to call for a single trade and transit treaty. Thereafter, Nepal took a firm- pains position that led to a serious crisis in IndiaNepal relations. After two extensions, the two treaties expired on March 23, 1989, resulting in a virtual Indian economic blockade of Nepal that lasted until late April 1990.Although economic issues were a major factor in the two countries confrontation, Indian dissatisfaction with Nepals 1988 acquisition of Chinese weaponry played an important role. Treaties and letters exchanged in 1959 and 1965, which included Nepal in Indias security zone and precluded gird purchases without Indias approval. India linked security with economic relations and insisted on reviewing IndiaNepal relations as a whole. Nepal had to back down after worsening economic conditions led to a change in Nepals political system, in which the king was forced to institute a parliamentary democracy. The new government sought quick refurbishment of peaceful relations with India.1990sThe special security relationship between New Delhi and Kathmandu was reestablished during the June 1990 Ne w Delhi meeting of Nepals prime subgenus Pastor Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Indian prime minister V.P. Singh. During the December 1991 visit to India by Nepalese prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, the two countries signed new, separate trade and transit treaties and other economic agreements designed to accord Nepal additional economic benefits.Indian-Nepali relations appeared to be undergoing still more reassessment when Nepals prime minister Man Mohan Adhikary visited New Delhi in April 1995 and insisted on a major review of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty. In the face of benign statements by his Indian hosts relating to the treaty, Adhikary sought greater economic independence for his landlocked nation darn simultaneously striving to improve ties with China. India sponsored Nepals admission to the U.N.O. in 1990.21st centuryNepal remains poor and deprived in 21st century while India has acquired a central place in the world with a very high development rate. In 2005, aft er King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India soured. However, after the restoration of democracy, in 2008, Prachanda, the Prime Minister of Nepal, visited India, in September 2008. He spoke about a new dawn, in the bilateral relations, between the two countries.He said, I am going back to Nepal as a satisfied person. I will tell Nepali citizens back home that a new era has dawned. Time has come to effect a revolutionary change in bilateral relations. On behalf of the new government, I assure you that we are committed to make a fresh start. He met Indian Prime minister, Manmohan Singh, and Foreign Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. He asked India to help Nepal frame a new constitution, and to invest in Nepals infrastructure, and its tourism industry.In 2008, Indo-Nepali ties got a further boost with an agreement to resume water splatters after a 4 year hiatus. The Nepalese Water Resources writing table Shanker Prasad Koirala said the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resou rces meet decided to start the reconstructive memory of breached Kosi embankment after the water level goes down. During the Nepal PMs visit to New Delhi in September the two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the age-old close, cordial and extensive relationships between their states and expressed their support and cooperation to further unify the relationship.The two issued a 22-point statement highlighting the need to review, adjust and update the 1950 accordance of Peace and Friendship, amongst other agreements. India would also provide a credit line of up to 150 crore rupees to Nepal to ensure uninterrupted supplies of petroleum products, as well as lift bans on the export of rice, wheat, maize, sugar and sucrose for quantities agreed to with Nepal. India would also provide 20 crore as immediate flood relief.In return, Nepal will take measures for the promotion of investor friendly, enabling business environment to encourage Indian investments in Nepal. In 2010 India e xtended Line of credit worth $ 250 million 80,000 tones of foodgrains.Furthermore, a three-tier mechanism at the level of ministerial, secretary and technical levels will be build to push forward discussions on the development of water resources between the two sides. Politically, India acknowledged a willingness to promote efforts towards peace in Nepal. Indian External personal matters minister Pranab Mukherjee promised the Nepali Prime Minister Prachanda that he would extend all possible help for peace and development.In 2008, the Bollywood film Chandni Chowk to China was banned in Nepal, because of a scene suggesting the Gautama Buddha was born in India. Some protesters called for commercial boycott of all Indian films.BORDER DISPUTESSo far as the Indo-Nepal border direct contrast is concerned, Nepal-India Joint skillful Level Boundary Committee is working for the last 21 years (since 15 November 1981). But the sharpness business is not yet completed. There may be so many reasons the boundary business not to be completed in due time, though it has the target to complete it by 2003. However, this type of target had been fixed many times in the past as in 1993, 1998 and 2001. But the target was not materialized. The main reasons and issues of the boundary business with India is the border encroachments, disputes on certain segments, divergence of opinion on basic materials such as maps and old documents for demarcation, s leave outness in joint mickle field teams and so on and so forth. Nepal and India has two broad issues concerning border business Border DemarcationBorder ManagementBORDER DEMARCATIONThe Treaty of Sugauli of 4 March 1816, Supplementary Treaty of 11 December 1816 and Boundary Treaty of 1 November 1860 delineate the boundary of Nepal with India. British East India Company made treaty of Sugauli on 2 December 1815 and it was provided to Nepal to make the counter signature by fifteen days. But Nepal did not make the signature in due time , because of unwillingness.It was finally ratified after 92 days under pressure and compulsion enforced by the British regime that they will invade Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Eventually, it was not signed by the King or Prime Minister/Maharaja but by only the courtier Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya. So there were disputes and betrothals and sway on the borderline even after the ratification of the Treaty.Historical Border Disputes There were so many issues of disputes just after the Sugauli Treaty. Some of the disputed areas are cited as examples as follows Disputes on Siwalik Range whether the borderline runs from the crest (ridge) of the Siwalik Range or northern or southern foot-hill of the purge Origin of the river Mechi whether it is originated from north-east of Antoo hillock or from north-west Dunduwa Range India had claimed that the border line should be followed on the northern foot from Arrahnala to Talbagauda, whereas Nepal denied it.Dispute on ownership of th e village and settlements of Ramnagar Zamindari area. Dispute on the lands adjoined with the districts of Tirahoot and Sarun. Land area of Sharada Barrage constructed by India on the river Mahakali. Disputes on the borderline of the river and rivulets, whether it has to be taken on the old course or the new channel. Disputes on the demarcation of borderlines in agricultural land, forest area and village areas, where there are not conspicuous features.Some of the above mentioned disputes were settled with mutual discussions. For example, appellation of the origin of the river Mechi was solved by Campbell, taken as the origination from north-east, though Captain Lloyd had judged in 1827 that the area falls under the jurisdiction of Sikkim. Similarly, the dispute of Dunduwa range was solved jointly by Lieutenant Col. Mac Andrew and Siddhiman Singh Rajbhandari on 7 January 1875 that the borderline shall be demarcated on the southern foot-hill of Dunduwa Range from where the plain area begins.Regarding the disputes of Ramnagar Zamindari area, it was settled on 2 January 1841 with an Ikararnama of 95 people of village-heads, gentlemen, Chautaria and Guru Gharana. As far as the matter of the exchange of lands of Sharada Barrage is concerned, Nepal has not yet received 36.67 Acre of land from India. These are some of the examples of the then border issues between Nepal and East India Company. The main problem lies that Nepals southern borderline on the Indo-Gangetic plain with India does not run from the fully grown natural features such as mountain peaks, passes, crests etc.NEPAL IS ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES in the world and was listed as the eleventh poorest among 121 countries in 1989. Estimates of its per capita income for 1988 ranged from US$158 to US$180. Various factors contributed to the economic underdevelopmentincluding terrain, lack of resource endowment, landlocked position, lack of institutions for modernization, weak infrastructure, and a lack of po licies conducive to development. Until 1951 Nepal had very little contact with countries other than India, Tibet, and Britain. Movement of goods or people from one part of the country to another usually required passage through India, making Nepal dependent on trade with or via India.The mountains to the north and the lack of economic growth in Tibet (Chinas Xizang Autonomous Region after 1959) meant very little trade was possible with Nepals northern neighbor. Prior to 1951, there were few unrestricted roads, and the transportation of goods was difficult. Goods were able to reach Kathmandu by railroad, trucks, and ropeways, but for other parts of the country such facilities remained almost non-existent. This lack of infrastructure made it hard to expand markets and pursue economic growth.Since 1951 Nepal has tried to expand its contacts with other countries and to improve its infrastructure, although the lack of significant progress was still evident in the early 1990s. The make of being landlocked and of having to transit goods through India continued to be reflected in the early 1990s. As a result of the lapse of the trade and transit treaties with India in March 1989, Nepal faced shortages of certain consumer goods, raw materials, and other industrial inputs, a situation that led to a decline in industrial production.Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee is working for the last twenty-one years. It is going to relocate the missing pillars, reconstruction of the damaged and dilapidated pillars, clear ten-yard width no-mans land and preparation of strip-maps of both the sides of borderline. But it has not resolved the issues, such as Kalapani-Limpiyadhura, identification of the source or river Kali, Susta dispute, Mechi controversy etc.These are the major issues and problems of demarcations of border between two nations, which should be settled in higher level (most probably in head of the government level) with diplomatic and political level talks. The issues climb slowly up to the ministerial level but it is instantly pushed back to the technical level, which has its limitations as the nature of the problem. In such a fashion, major issues have not yet given yield by the higher level decision making authorities.BORDER MANAGEMENTThere is an open border system between Nepal and India, whereas Nepal has its controlled border system with China. It needs passport and visa to go to China and deep Hong Kong, after China regained it from Britain. If we have a look back on the border management system between Nepal and India, anyone entering into Nepal particularly to the Kathmandu valley and towns of Tarai in general, had to get Rahadani or visa from the district administrations.It was prior to the restoration of Naya Muluk by Nepal in 1860, as the controlled border system was prevalent during that period. Afterwards, it was started slowly to hold off the border open fo r recruiting the Nepalese hill and sturdy boys in British Gurkha regiment. The second factor was to have easy and free access of British and Indian goods and material into Nepal and Tibet (via Nepal). Next was to secure raw materials from Nepal to India such as timber, forest products, herbs and medicinal plants, hides and skins etc. capable Border System Nepal-India Peace and Friendship Treaty of 31 July 1950 motivated for the openness of border between two countries. After the installation of democracy in Nepal in February 1951, it became major turning point in reinforcing the Nepal-India border open with the accelerated exploit of Indian nationals into Nepal. Indians used to come to Kathmandu as politicians as advisors to the Nepalese ministers, overseers as technical experts, unemployed citizens as teachers, retailers as whole seller businessmen etc.Similarly, Nepalese were also free to go to Indian cities in search of jobs and works as guards, domestic workers and restaurant w aiters. All these phenomena can be cited as Nepal India open border as it is unique in the world in the sense that people of both countries could cross the international borderline from any point / any time. Single citizen could cross the frontier of both the sides without any record running to and fro so many times a day.Impact of Open Border System Every object has its two aspects as every coin bears two faces. And every degree has its negative and positive impacts. Similarly, Nepal-India open border system has its negative and positive impacts for both the nations. But Nepal has experienced a large percentage of negative impacts in many cases, as compared to India. If we make an inventory, negative impact outnumbers the positive one for Nepal. Followings are the impacts of open border system Positive ImpactAs we make a list of positive impacts, it may be the followings Easy access The most positive aspect of open border system is the easy movement of people of both the countrie s. Strengthens relationship People to people relation on the frontiers of both sides has been maintained and strengthened due to free movement of people on either side of the border. Rescue operation Prompt services have been offered and provided on either side during calamities and disasters. Health service When there is an epidemic, health services can be offered from both the sides.Instant supply of labour When there is a shortage of local labour in one side it can be supplied instantly from other side. Competitive Market There is always a competition between the businessmen of the cross-frontier towns to be benefited to the consumers.. Prompt Supply of food grains and daily stuff Unrestricted border has made comfortable for the prompt supply of food grains and daily foodstuffs from either side of the territory, where there are shortages. Open border has economically benefited the inhabitants of both sides of the border from the sell and purchase of livestock products, vegetables and daily kitchen stuff in Hat Bazars (open-roof markets) taking place regularly in various days a week in different parts on either side.An Overview of Nepalese EconomyThere is nothing much to talk about when it comes to Nepalese economy. The data doesnt paint a rosy picture at all. In fact the picture looks grim. Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. In fact Nepal doesnt stand anywhere to its otherwise developing neighbors such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Thanks to the Sub-Sahara African countries, it is not considered the poorest economy now. Nevertheless, with almost 45% of its population living below the poverty line, Nepal has to do much catching before being termed a Developing Economy.Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for 38% of GDP. Most of the agriculture activities take place in the Tarai region. The sub-standard equipments and pesticides along with the medieval mode of agriculture make it a tough affair. The industrial sector is in a dismal condition. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. These things are hardly considered industrial activities by New-school economists.Due to its long stint with monarchy and feudalism, Nepal has one of the most uneven distributions of resources and wealth in the Asia. This has led to the birth of counter initiative movements such as Maoism. Security concerns relating to the Maoist conflict and counter insurgency initiatives have led to a decrease in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange.Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism. These are considered the up coming hot cakes in New-wave economy. Prospects for foreign trade or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however. There are lots of reasons for this such as the small size of the economy, technological backwardness, landlocked geographic location, civil strife and its susceptibility to natural disaster.