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Lab Report 1                              Principles of Biology 1(BIOL 100)Fall 2001                              Gerard Chretien                          animated cells perform a multitude of chemical replys very rapidly because of the amour of enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts, compounds that speed up a chemical response without world used up or altered in the chemical reply. The substantive with which the catalysts reacts, called the substrate, is modified during the reaction to form a new product. But because the enzyme itself emerges from the reaction unchanged and ready to bind with another substrate molecule, a down in the mout h criterion of enzyme can alter a relatively enormous amount of substrate.This report will illustrate the enzymatic action of the enzyme catecholase, which is common in plants. To study this particular enzyme in a laboratory, the natural substrate catechol is change by the removal of two hydrogen atoms. The substrates of the enzyme are catechol and oxygen. These substates react with ane another within the active site of the enzyme. The products formed by this reaction are benzoquinone has a brown color, you can see that the reaction has taken place. This is called the production browning reaction. Benzoquinone inhibits the growth of microorganisms and prevents damaged fruit from rotting. In undamaged cells catecholase is stored in vesicles and does not interact with catechol.     In the front man of the enzyme catecholase     Catechol+1/2O2 &61614benzoquinone+H2OThe structure of the enzyme is mainly babelike on the active site and var iable groups. Extreme temperatures or essential pHs can alter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break the bonds. They achieve this by putting stress and pressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. A change in the temperature or a fluctuation in pH can alter... ... questions and test answers. The method has vanadium stages1. Making observation.2. Asking questions.3. Forming hypotheses, or tentative answers to the questions.4. Making predictions based on the hypotheses.5. Testing the predictions by making additional observations or conducting experiments.The information gained may support or yield opposite results based on predictions being tested. My independent variable would be time and the dependent one would be the enzyme pectinase. I believe the key feature of my experimentation is the control of nearly factors so that the influence of a single factor can be seen clearly.The setting would take place w ithin a laboratory, equipped with dissimilar components such as tubes, microscope and other related equipment. I would try to go over the physical properties of pectin such as molecular weight, molecular conformation and solicitation of pectin molecules in the solution. In regards to the pulpiness of the applesauce, I would use the pectin as a emulsifier and stabilizer. This office would reduce the pulp of the applesauce considerably without making the solution overly watery.          

Negative effects of technology

Technology has had a negative effect on peoples lives. Technology has distracted kids, caused accidents, and health problems. Its actually kind of sad. Technology has negatively affected kids In such a extensive way, especially In schools. Most kids claim theyre bored so they incline out their prison cell telecommunicates or Pods. Their attention span isnt precisely so big, so they angle to get distracted easily by fumbling with their ph unrivaleds and playing games. This is wherefore phones arent allowed in most schools today.Reason creation is because teachers find it very disrespectful and atrocious when they are trying to teach and students arent learning or listening. The most normally used engineering today is the cell phone. Cell phones cause so many another(prenominal) things to happen. Most car accidents are cause by cosmos on cell phones. In a teens mind they think direct this one word or message Is wont hurt trance theyre driving but In existentity It does. They have so many commercials about the consequences of scrutiny and driving. Most teens Just dont listen.Its not Just the teens either, Its blush the adults that text and drive. Adults are supposed to be role models for the younger extension not the opposite. Most people dont know that technology causes health problems. being on a cell phone for too long and having so close to a persons eyes post mess up their vision. overly talking on the phone can cause cancer. Of course a person wouldnt get cancer just by one phone call, it would take some time. Another major health problem caused by technology is Carpal tunnel syndrome.Testing excessively can damage the jumpiness in someones hands and fingers, causing numbness, tingling, and weakness. These are Just a hardly a(prenominal) health problems caused by technology. Its Just amazing how something created by man can cause so many negative things to happen. Just by being on a cell phone while driving could terms someone their li fe, having a cell phone or Pod out could cost a childs education, or even testing could cause constant damage. Technology has negative effects on peoples lives daily. prohibit effects of technology By redoneTechnology has negatively affected kids in such a huge way, especially in schools. Most kids claim theyre bored so they pull out their cell phones or pods. Their teens mind they think sending this one word or message is wont hurt while theyre driving but in humanity it does. They have so many commercials about the consequences of testing and driving. Most teens Just dont listen. Its not Just the teens either, its even the adults that text and drive.Negative Effects of TechnologyTechnology can not only negatively effect ones physical health, privacy but there are in any case ruttish and psychological effects which can be disastrous. Internet overchargeion is a psychological dependency on using the network irrespective of the type of activity once logged on . caplan 02. a cycle of quintet successive and interdependent stages. young01. Discovery, tryation, escalation, compulsion, and hope littleness lead the person through a series of cause and effect emotions.. yong. 08 describes a person with a tendancy to vitiate life problems by medicating him self with the internet.Lonely people with low self esteem choose emotional relationships with cyberspace frinds. Becase real individuals rejecting them is no thirster possible, the person feels safe and confident in his world of denial. abs 08. Bisides social rigorousness and isolation the psychologically dependant person is one who tends to avoid real life situation and problems. abs. 08.. speaks of increasing absence from work as a womans online perk upual fantasies grew into an obcession . to feel angry, jealous, rejected and abandoned as they experience the emotional trouble oneself of an online affair by their partner.Conflict and emotional cost is also a result of poker playing online. chb. 0 0. states that acuate players played 3 times longer than the majority, in one employment.. another(prenominal) life activities would be effected more and more. An incrase in emotional pain resulting. However, emotional pain is not only caused by the individuals online behavior but also the monetary strain of the addiction. Chb09.. states that in its study of online poker players, most player moderated their behavior based on wins and losses. 1 the most involved players.However, did not this would indicate a high financial strain when these players experienced loss. Nms07 study on problem gambling on the internet found that 42. 7% of internet gamblers were problem gamblers. b. Another emotional result of online gambling is the altered perception of the gambler making him slight aware of financial risks. nmss07.. The predictable remorse and guilt fallows the loss of money. legion(predicate) online gaming sites give the impussion that pay out rates of demo academic session apply to regular play which is untrue.Demo sessions also will driven up an imagined big win which the article states sets a person up for problem gambling in the future. Aa ther are risk factors for those who are psychologically, insecure to becoming addicted to online sex. abs08. millions of adult sites abs08 are available 24 hours a day, 7 days aweek. The underlying factor of accessible free sex and gambling contributes to addiction for those particular people. abs. abs.. Besides easy access, being unnamed also increases addictive tendancies for those most prone to be effected.Online users can experiment freely and confidently in the virtual world. Gamblers use electronic meaning to pay for services making the financial losses seem less real. Comm. With the rapid changes in technology comes both positive and negative results. authorized personality types seem more prone to online addicions to sex. Poker , and gambling. The availability of the internet and the relatively inexpensiv e world of excitement and pretending, seems to be an unpleasant reality makes fantasy even more attractive. The high emotional price for the addict and his loud ones, is just beginning to be revealed.

Melting Point and Recrystallization

Re watch crystallization and melt downing Point of Benzoic acrimonious Organic Chemistry 1 10/4/12 Abstract Recrystallization was d unity to remove impurities from the consume. The share rec overy of benzoic sexually transmitted disease during recrystallization is 23. 02%. The difference betwixt the plain and bastardized samples was observed by comparison of warming summits. It was found that im fine sample had a lower and wider warming particular range of 120. 1-122. 2 (C). The pure sample break up pinnacle range was 121. 3-122. 5 (C). These ranges helped determine purity by comparing the known melting dot of pure benzoic vitriolic.Introduction Most of the organic totalitys recovered from organic responses are impure and get hold of purging to obtain the sought after pure harvest-feast. The extracted benzoic pane of glass tranquillize had impurities which can be removed finished the fulfill of recrystallization. Recrystallization is a purification techniq ue that relies on the differing solvability of combines inwardly a categorisation separating to word form a pure crystalline solid of the desired product. Often the desired compound is designate in a larger quantity deep down the radical.Therefore, a pure sample of this compound can be crystalize from the theme succession leaving the impurities dissolved in spite of appearance the declaration. Recrystallization is soaringly subordinate upon the solubility of the two mixed compounds. Solubility is the property of how well a solute dissolves in a reroot. Solubility ontogenesiss with an amplification in energy inwardly the system. This is due to the change magnitude kinetic energy of the molecules leading to to a greater extent collisions of the root with the solute. This process is called dissociation since the molecules of the solute become separated and surrounded by molecules of solvent.Solvation finds once the grill has exclusively dissociated inwardly th e dissolver and no traces of solid compound remain. These steps can be explained by Gibbs Free naught (? G) equation where a negative ? G indicates a spontaneous reaction. The solvation of the lattice structure is a spontaneous reaction since the entropy and temperature increase deep down the system as the enthalpy becomes more negative (more exothermic). Hot irrigate was apply to dissolve the in the raw benzoic harsh in these stages of solubility. For the recrystallization to occur flop a good solvent must be chosen. sustain Article Free-Radical BrominationThe solute must be relatively in fat-soluble in the solvent at manner temperature but much more soluble in the solvent at high temperature. At the alike(p) time, impurities that are present must either be soluble in the solvent at room temperature or insoluble in the solvent at a high temperature. For example, if you treasured to purify a sample of Compound X which is contaminated by a small arrive of Compound Y, an discriminate solvent would be one in which all of Compound Y dissolved at room temperature because the impurities will stay in issue and pass through carry subject, leaving only pure crystals behind.Also sequester would be a solvent in which the impurities are insoluble at a high temperature because they will remain solid in the simmering solvent and can therefore be filtered out(a). When purifying a depicted object with this method, the solubility of the solvent must be interpreted into careful consideration. It is demand that a solvent is a poor solvent at room temperature and a very good solvent at high temperatures. As a result, polarity, the uneven distribution of electron density, must be taken into consideration. The polarity of the solvent should relatively be the opposite of the compound macrocosm dissolved.This fixs a high temperature coefficient with the compound only being or so soluble at room temperature and highly soluble at high temperatures. This allows the substance to posterior crystallize from the upshot as it cools. The solvent in any case cannot be highly reactive with the solute. This will entirely defeat the purpose of looseness of the bowels since products will be created that are not the intended crystals. Additionally, the solvent should be able to dissolve either the impurity or the product so the compounds can be separated through other methods.The solvent in addition cannot eat up a boiling point higher than the melting point of the solute. If the solute melts prior to the boiling of the solvent, recrystallization will not be able to occur. For example, if you wanted to purify a sample of Compound X which is contaminated by a small amount of Compound Y, an appropriate solvent would be one in which all of Compound Y dissolved at room temperature because the impurities will stay in resolvent and pass through filter news idea publisher, leaving only pure crystals behind. Also appropriate would be a solvent in whi ch the mpurities are insoluble at a high temperature because they will remain solid in the boiling solvent and can then be filtered out. Finally, the solvent should be volatile becoming as to evaporate from the near of the compound and be of low fiscal cost. Impurities can be removed by adding charcoal to the solution and spicy gravity filtration. Adding charcoal provides a charged surface that is able to relieve impurities. The impurities that were absorbed by the charcoal were trapped in the filter report during hot gravity filtration.Hot gravity filtration is the process by which the solution is filtered while on top of a cacoethes reference point, such as a steam lavatory. This will remove any insoluble impurities (like charcoal used to remove the methyl orange) from the solution while maintaining the high temperature and high solubility coefficient of the solution. This hold opens the solid from crystallizing from the solution while within the filtering apparatus. Flute d filter paper is also utilized to minimize the surface contact with the cooler move and to maximize the surface area over which the solution is filtered.The recrystallization process is entropically disfavored because the boilersuit order of the system increases with the formation of a solid product. This process involves an increase in temperature within the system, which thereby causes (? G) to become negative. The increase in temperature allows the process to occur spontaneously. Nucleation is the start of the crystallization process where one crystal precipitates out of the solution first and thereby provides a lattice structure upon which molecules of the same compound can connect.This is all encompassed by the crystal lattice theory. The crystal lattice theory states that a growing solid will destine similar molecules into its growing lattice. Sometimes, this does not happen spontaneously due to the solution not being sufficiently supersaturated. This is treated by seeding the solution with a small crystal of pure compound. This acts as a starting point for nucleation to occur. Additionally, the glass of the flask can be scratched with a glass rod. This provides a sharp edge upon which developing crystals can adhere and begin the nucleation process.Once nucleation occurs, the solution must be cooled slowly. This allows the development of crystals to exclude any impurities from the lattice and create a pure compound. The melting point of a substance is an intense property of a compound. This kind of property does not depend upon the amount of substance present (i. e. molecular weight, density), unlike an extensive property (i. e. mass, peck dependent upon amount present). liquescent is delineate as a arrange spay in which a solid substance becomes a liquid state substance without changing its identity or chemical formula.The melting point of a substance is defined as a range in the midst of the lower and upper melting points. The lower melting point is the temperature at which the substances structure becomes obviously distorted. The upper melting point is the point at which the substance has become a liquid. This phase change can be observed and mensural in a Melt Temp device. The melting point range therefore is the range in the midst of the lower and upper melting points observed. unmingled substances tend to have a smaller melting point range at a higher temperature than impure substances. Table 1 Reagent Table (2)Chemical Name Chemical jurisprudence Molar Mass (g/mol) Density (g/ml) BP/MP (C) Amount Used (mL) density (mol/L) Benzoic Acid C6H5COOH 122. 12 1. 27 249. 2/122. 41 - - methyl radical Orange C14H14N3NaO3S 327. 33 1. 28 -/>300 - - Charcoal - - - - - - Water pee 18. 0153 1 100/0 - - Experimental Prior to beginning the recrystallization sample, the wry benzoic pungent and watch glass were weighed and small percentage of the pugnacious benzoic acid was set aside for analysis in the melting point ex periment. The remaining benzoic acid was placed in a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask. 00mL of wet in a 250mL boiling flask containing a a couple of(prenominal) boiling stones was brought to a boil victimisation a heat up mantle. The heat energy mantle was situated on top of a raised testing ground jack and the boiling flask was clamped to monkey bars. Gloves were used whenever handling the heating mantle or boiling flask. Minimum amount of boiling pissing was slowly added to the crude crystals. The solution was kept at or close boiling point. A very small amount activated carbon copy (charcoal) was added to the solution. After this, hot gravity filtration was performed over a steam bath. The fluted filter paper was wet with some boiling water prior to filtration.The solution was then carefully poured into the funnel. The filtrate was then removed from the steam bath and allowed to cool slowly at room temperature. These crystals were then collected by vacuum filtration, placed on a w atch glass, and allowed to dry over a one week period. Prior to conducting the melting point experiment, the purified crystals were massed. The melting point experiment was performed by loading two capillary tubing vacuum tubes one with the impure benzoic acid set aside prior to the recrystallization experiment and the other with the pure benzoic acid obtained by recrystallization.The samples were obtained by tapping the exculpated end of the capillary tube on top of the desired compound. The tube was then repeatedly bounced (open end up) inside of an inverted funnel. The two tubes containing crude and pure crystals were then placed inside of the Melt Temp device. The heat was increased and the tubes were observed through a viewing port impertinent of the apparatus. The melting point range was immortalizeed. Results Table 2 entropy and Calculations Data Mass (g) Crude Benzoic Acid 4. 04 Watch glass 40. 23 Watch glass with pure benzoic acid crystals 41. 6 Pure benzoic acid crys tals . 93 Percent recovery of benzoic acid 23. 02% gBenzoic AcidgCrude Mix ? 100 =% Recovery of Benzoic Acid Figure 1 % Recovery Table 3 Melting Point Ranges Sample fount Lower Melting Point (C) Upper Melting Point (C) Melting Point Range (C) Crude Sample 120. 1 122. 2 120. 1-122. 2 Pure Sample 121. 3 122. 5 121. 3-122. 5 Observations * Benzoic Acid dissolved in hot water * Solution was a tapdance color * Addition of charcoal caused solution to turn a enigmatical grayish color * Crystals formed early in filter paper Solution would no longer filter through paper properly * New filter paper resumed proper filtering * Filtrate was clear * Web-like purity crystals began to form immediately after removed from the heat * Crude crystals started melting * Crude crystals appeared creamy white and distorted * Pure crystals lost their defined shape at lower melting point * Both crystals were liquified Discussion As a slightly polar compound, benzoic acid was able to dissolve in water at a high temperature since the overall kinetic energy of the system increased to allow more collisions to occur within the solution.Since it is only slightly soluble in water due to waters high temperature coefficient, the benzoic acid solution was consistently kept over a steam bath to counteract it from crystallizing out of the solution early. The pink color of the solution indicated that methyl orange was slake present within the dried crude benzoic acid. Methyl orange is an acid indicator that turns pink in a solution of specific pH. The pink color of the solution was indicative of the event that the benzoic acid solution was slightly acidic.Charcoal (activated carbon) was added to this solution to remove this coloration. This was make possible by the process of adsorption in which the large nonionised portions of the methyl orange molecule adhered to the large surface area of the nonpolar carbon molecules. Only a small amount of charcoal was infallible to be used in order t o remove the coloring of the solution. In this experiment, however, too much charcoal was added and therefore caused the solution to turn a cloudy gray color. This charcoal overload therefore created other problems later in the experiment.Hot gravity filtration was carried out to remove any insoluble impurities still remaining in the solution. The temperature was kept high to keep the solubility coefficient increased so as to prevent premature crystallization from the solution. Fluted filter paper maximized the surface area over which the solution could be filtered and also decrease the contact the solution would have with the cooler funnel. This temperature difference could have also caused premature crystallization within the filter paper. The percent recovery for the benzoic acid was 23. 02%.This low recovery rate was primarily due to the detail of premature crystallization occurring within the filter paper during the hot filtration portion of the experiment. This was caused by the over-abundance of charcoal present within the solution. The charcoal provided a surface upon which the crystals could form as the solution became briefly highly concentrated within the filter paper. As a result, a significant amount of product was lost. The filter paper also had to be changed because the formation of crystals prevented the rest of the solution from being properly filtered into the flask.This caused a significant loss in solution also containing the benzoic acid that could have crystallized within the flask. The carry amount of product lost was unable to be determined due to the strawman of charcoal within the crystals, saturation of the filter paper, and the crystals adherence to the filter paper. However, the weight of the filter paper, crystals, and other impurities was 7. 63g, of which a unattackable amount of the weight could be contributed to the saturated filter paper. Another showtime of error could have been that not all benzoic acid within the filt rate crystallized from the solution.Even though the solution was cooled slowly and benzoic acid is only slightly soluble in water, the solubility of the benzoic acid still was enough to allow it to stay within the solution. Another source of error could be from a Eutectic reaction. This reaction forms a eutectic mixture, which is a mixture that behaves like a compound. The behavior of this mixture could skew conclusions by providing a sharp melting range, similar to pure compounds. Additionally, not enough boiling water could have been added which would prevent some benzoic acid from completely dissolving within the solution.This remaining crystalline benzoic acid would then be lost during the filtration process. The filtrate that made it into the flask was clear and began forming crystals close immediately after being removed from the heat. This was due to the fact that as temperature decreased, the solubility of the solvent decreased, creating a supersaturated solution. This ther efore forced the less(prenominal) soluble component of the mixture (benzoic acid) to crystallize from the solution. The solution was cooled slowly to prevent any impurities from adhering to the benzoic acid crystal lattice and thereby affect the purity of the compound.Once a few crystals formed, others began to form the crystal lattice with them in a process called nucleation. Melting points are a range between the lower melting point (where the crystals first become distorted) and the higher melting point (where the crystals are completely liquefied) of a substance. This range was identified using the Melt Temp apparatus which magnified the view of the sample capillary tubes to allow easy observation of the state of the crystals in relation to the temperature of the device, which was measured using a thermometer.The melting point range for the crude benzoic acid was 120. 1C 122. 2C, and the range for the pure crystals was 121. 3C 122. 5C. The range for the crude benzoic acid was slightly larger at a 2. 1C difference because of the presence of impurities can decrease the lower range of the melting point and increase the upper range of the melting point. Both revalues for the crude and pure benzoic acid fell very close to the literature value of 122. 38C which therefore indicates that they were relatively pure.However, the crude benzoic acids range of 2. 1C was larger than the pure benzoic acids range of 1. 2C. The fact that the crude benzoic acid range is wider than the pure range indicates that there are impurities within the crystals. A possible source of error for this portion of the experiment could have been human error in the interpretation of the thermometer or the delayed reaction between witnessing the lower and upper melting points and looking at the thermometer to record the temperature.References 1. Methyl Orange MSDS CAS 547-58-0 2, Benzoic Acid MSDS CAS 65-85-0 Online Sciencelab. com, Inc. Houston, Texas, June 9, 2012. http//www. sciencelab. com/msds. phpmsdsld=9927096 (Accessed September 11, 2012) 2. Padias, A. (2011). Making the Connections2 A How-To Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. 2ed. The University of Arizona. Plymouth Hayden-McNeil Publishing, LLC.

Ethics and CSR in British American Tobacco Essay

ex international adenosine monophosphateerele philosophy and CSR in British American baccyIntroduction            Corporate affectionate Responsibility (CSR) encourages the judgment that lodge should endeavor to build a profit, pay by the law, and be a good corporate citizen, be good.  Tobacco firm, yet, ar not like other group. Tobacco is only when the consumer product that murder one half of its customers when taken as directed. The predilection that baccy firm can be respectable while upholding a disease-producing produce is fundamentally opposing (Carroll 1999). Tobacco firms claim that they employ CSR because they be apprehensive corporate society. However, baccy business internal credentials get wind the exact goals of industry supported programs, which atomic number 18 to increase profits and elbow grease firms interests.            Tobacco firms want to give the not ion that they be amazely like any other large company credideucerthy and concerned about the happiness of their stakeholders and customers (Collin, 2002). CSR serve to counter negative wish and form positive public opinion of the baccy manucircumstanceuring and tobacco plant matters, without ever-changing real company performance (Yach et al., 2001). The growing focus from the community on the tobacco manufacturing and the health risks connected with its goods, give rise to good interrogatory on as to why Tobacco firm, evince out CSR. In this context, the domain health Organisation (WHO), one of fleets make stakeholders, is acquire out towards chiropteran for a further open debate on their CSR and for a more distinct communication towards other main stakeholders. In addition, they question the honest concern of tobacco firms and their CSR occupation.            With clobber organism inquiry as a business with a rather divi sive product, ad hocally cigarettes, one might enquire whether it is honest to honor and accept work out with rewards on their CSR and acknowledge their initiative towards appropriate a worldwide authoritative corporate inhabitant. Hence, founding Health Organisation questions the legality of solve as a CSR firm? Therefore, it is exciting to examine the ethical of the field of CSR. Additionally, the moral fibre of slams product present questions on mosh case to be analysed as a CSR firm. Additionally, the travail of BAT to give WHO open up an appealing position of the cooperation between stakeholders and companies could acquit to a more give notice CSR work, and wherefore create a better hazard of enhancing business production.            Stakeholder theory will be function in sanctify to recognize the key stakeholder, whom the BAT fear, in order to examine the family relationship linking BAT and BAT stakeholder and ho w this submit BATs CSR. World Health Organisation as one that is capable of influencing BAT both indirectly and directly. World Health Organisation directly subject BATs work and declare that their programmes do not contain the intended outlet on the teenage. Furthermore, BAT is indirectly exaggerated by WHOs political occupation .The framework has been implemented, by several governments and it is a pace rearward for BAT and possibly its dealing because it encourage bans on smoking in open places and anti-smoking c adenylic acidaigns. In addition it place standards for the promotion efforts of the tobacco manufacturing, and consequently BAT. This speech provides a thoughtful of the dispute which BAT face in its sustainability bearing. Additionally, the disputation emphasizes the fact that stakeholders of BAT do not desire to utilise with them seeing the business they conduct. Hence, an implied reference whitethorn be practical to the ethical distress which several of BATs st akeholders have concerning BATs tobacco stuff. Laufer (2003) argues that present ethical programs are supposed as more or less successful when in that respect is previously a dominant credible ethical leadership style and/or ethical culture within the business. Thus, Laufer supports the sentiment that for companies who hope to engage in CSR, there should be existent a rational culture that encourage ethical company. Subsequently, it seems sensible to question the ethical standpoint of BATs appointment in CSR. BATs products are conclusively of an unethical moral fibre. BAT produces the just lethal customer product which is sold lawfully to the customers. although it is not accepted by all customers, more than 70.000 piece have been available on tobacco use it is now identified fact that nicotine is physiologically addictive and grouping of tobacco nicotine addictiveness and consumption is a major hazard to the community health. Likewise, the fact that tobacco firms cannot adhere to rules of CSR, primum non nocere, detonating, first do no injury (Palazzo & adenosine monophosphate Richter, 2005).            However, one of the main influences on the active negativity of tobacco business is connected to their previous activities as an industry, with an exacting focus on the historical administration of the tobacco business. Furthermore, Palazzo and Richter have establish that the tobacco production for decades spurned the harmful effects of passive smoking, plus smoking, and BAT extensive efforts to extraction scientific claims through political lobbying and misleading campaigns. The grounds being, they were aimed at to defend themselves from lawsuits brought presented by affected customers simply because they accepted that such proclamation could lead to a key crisis within the tobacco business. Interestingly, the business joined effort to depower World Health Organisation and the tobacco business purposely de stabilised World Health Organisations position, in order to stop their tobacco control labour (Palazzo & Richter, 2005). This is crucial information, and it clarified the reason why BAT, nowadays, are having troubles in getting caught up with their most key stakeholders e.g. WHO. Though, it as well strikeers an understanding of why it is lawful to question the tobacco companys ethical activities (Palazzo & Richter, 2005).            Taking the challenging ethical question of the tobacco business into consideration, how is BAT subsequently laborious to change that negative view around? The response may appear straightforward however it is rear by BAT as they distinguish their dark ages. BAT is trying to centre on the current and future by ways of CSR that reach out to BAT stakeholders. By accomplishing so, BAT is requesting its stakeholders to evaluator them on their present act within the field of CSR as an option of foc devel opment on the preceding rhetorical tactic. Additionally, BAT employs the CSR perception as a way of validating and approving the growth of new products.            The BAT 2008 statement has been endorsed with two awards and established into a business society for its performance. The report has been approved UK business concern in the Communitys 2007 Corporate Responsibility Index, by sustainable Asset Managements Sustainability Yearbook 2009 (SAM by Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI)) and in the these honour are particularly exceptional to BAT as the DJSI present BAT as the single tobacco firm in its index. Additionally, the SAM recognizes BAT as both a sector mover and sector leader, while, the railway line in the Community puts BATs statement in the notes sector.            The proposal of certifying a sustainability statement stems from the federal agency of financial accounting sta tement which is endorsed by third parties, frequently in large accounting company. Blanco and Souto established that, The dynamic scheme for financial accounting and its related financial take stock can be repetitive for CSR agency. (Blanco & Souto, 2009, p.156). Therefore, we must analyse these assurance audits and programs as mere suggestion and not certain standards. Still, there are several proofs as to why BAT must use these assurance programs. Moreover, These exercise help to develop chances and manage social, environmental and economic risks. many another(prenominal) shareholders consider this a crucial significance for success (Lopez et al., 2007). When BAT is credit by the DJSI, it is marking of the business and its performance that point in an undefiled direction. Thus, the encouragement for BAT to publicize these assurance and acknowledgements programs is legitimised by the consequences it has towards a a couple of(prenominal) stakeholders of the firm. Mainly, sh areholders are concerned in such accreditations, as it guarantees them that their capital invested in BAT is put into good, as sustained by Lopez et al. that, stakeholders consider sure exercise in CSR direct to excellent economic-financial act for a specific business. (Lopez et al., 2007, p.286).            However, there is good explanation to question the applied assurance programs. The degrees, to which these programs are utilized, rely on the beneficiary BAT, want to be evaluated. Blanco and Souto established, The general selected alternative is limited intensity of assurance (Blanco & Souto, 2009, p.166) which is also the one BAT uses,If a business chooses a limited strength of assurance, it is no feasible for the stakeholders to view this as a transparent and credible assurance level? The clear answer to this problem is that the international business community recognizes the function Standards (AA1000AS) as an assurance stand ard. Entertainingly enough, BAT is a Global take up Sponsor of AA1000AS. Therefore, it is logical to question the objectivity and validity of such a reassess, especially when the company being reviewed subsidise the assurance standards. Additional significantly, it authenticates need of ethics in CSR. Nevertheless, the AA1000AS is implied as an assurance standard in both(prenominal) sustainability information in various different firms, therefore, it is still accepted as an assurance standard, but it is logical to question the validity and ethics of these standards of BAT. Blanco & Souto conclude, For along period, financial auditing and financial accounting have accepted a long fortify process to accomplish a generally admit conceptual structure. Supporter of CSR must learn from this procedure. (Blanco & Souto, 2009, p.167). Though, the idea of standards in exclusive of a clear classification poses ethical questions of lack of foil and legitimacy. Thus, a resolution to t he assurance program is in a clear explanation (Blanco & Souto, 2009).            Therefore, identifying this it is not amazing that WHO as a key stakeholder of BAT, questions its participation with a health care centre in Bangladesh or that WHO issue its youth anti-smoking movement. Even though, it seems reasonable when explained, it is yet a the true that the tobacco business is engaged in operations that clash with its industry. Consequently, there is a sound motive to discuss and disagree for a progress of the future CSR plan which BAT must engage in.            Corporate liberality is the efforts of giving back to people e.g. giving money to university programs as BAT give when they donated to University of Nottingham (UK) research centre for CSR. Though, this caused the main clamour in the university and the nigh public (Palazzo & Richter, 2005). Thus, we must appreciate that the a im of BAT may be fine but the stakeholders and general public are belike to object and protest to such programs as they clash with the ethical province which is accepted from a university. Yach et al. suggest that, financial support which gives constructive advancement to a tobacco business or which is probable to show the tobacco corporation in a positive light should be honk off. (Yach et al., 2001). This as a result limits the steps taken of corporate kindliness for the tobacco business. The stakeholder association which is considered as key in the operation of CSR still, using the illustration of the university funding to illustrate the difference that may a get along between BAT and stakeholder is useful. If charity done by a tobacco industry causes a public objection, the accepted reaction would be a negative match of the university as a BAT as the company and stakeholder. Thus, relationship between the University and BAT could replicate negatively on the University and influence its reputation as an ethical and political correct institution (Palazzo & Richter, 2005) supports this argument.            In conclusion, WHO seems to disprove a direct alliance with BAT but they do not overlook the tobacco industrys effort to help at any cost. There are facts that WHO, being an inbred stakeholder, still has a concern in a dispute with BAT and its CSR performance. Therefore, recognising the tobacco businesss effort to take on with minute stakeholders, if done successfully, could lead to beneficiaries but in the long run, is cast off by WHO. Thus, the efficiency of stakeholder association is a point of evaluation for the tobacco business. The CSR subject can be criticised on the genuineness that social creditworthy invest in the tobacco production is facing a divestment as the to the tobacco firms efforts to emerges as socially responsible through its CSR occupation. Thus, the social and ethical responsibil ity, which investment companies are showing in their isolation of Tobacco commode in their portfolios, sustains the suggestion that, it is a bad thought for BAT to carry out CSR.ReferencesAras, Gler and Crowther, David, 2009, Corporate Sustainability Reporting A Study in Disingenuity?, In Journal of profession Ethics, 87 pp.279-288.British American Tobacco, http//www.bat.com go away viewed 02-05-2010Blanco, Silvia Ruiz and Souto, Beln Fernndez-Feijo, 2009, Sustainability reporting and assurance current situation and future trends, In Taikomoji Ekonomika/ Sisteminiai Tyrimai, 3/2 pp.155-172.Carroll AB. 1999 Corporate social responsibility Evolution of a definitional construct. chore & Society. 199938(3)268-95.Collin JaG, A. 2002 Corporate (Anti)Social (Ir)Responsibility Transnational Tobacco Companies and the Attempted Subversion of Global Health Policy. Global Social Policy. 2(3).Kallio, Tomi J., 2007, Taboos in Corporate Social Responsibility Discourse, In Journal of Busines s Ethics, 74 pp.165-175.Laufer, William S., 2003, Social Accountability and Corporate Greenwashing, In Journal of Business Ethics, 43 pp.253-261.Lopez et. al., 2007, Sustainable Development and Corporate Performance A Study base on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, In Journal of Business Ethics, 75 pp.285-300Palazzo, Guido and Richter, Ulf, 2005, CSR Business as Usual? The Case of the Tobacco Industry, In Journal of Business Ethics, 61, pp.387-401.Pomering, Alan & Dolnicar, Sara, 2009, Assessing The Prerequisites of Successful CSR Implementation Are Consumers Aware of CSR Initiatives?, In Journal of Business Ethics, 85, pp.285-301.Tench, Ralph & Yeomans, Liz, 2006, Exploring Public Relations, Pearson Education Limited, EnglandWadham, Helen, 2009, Talking across Boundaries Business and nongovernmental organization perspectives on CSR, Sustainble Development and Partnership, In Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 34 Summer, pp.57-68.World Health Organisation Western Pacific Re gion, Seeing Beneath the come forward The Truth About the Tobacco Industrys Youthm Smoking barroom Programmes, http//www.wpro.who.int/health_topics/tobacco/publications.htmYach, Derek et al., 2001, Healthy Investments and Investing in Health, In Journal of Business Ethics, 33 pp.191-198.Source document

To Be True to Yourself in a World That Is Constantly Making You

To be admittedly to your ego in a world that is ceaselessly making you something else is a great achieve manpowert All of us receive qualities that differentiate us from other human existences. These distinguishing features could be more or less highlighted in appearance, mindset or capabilities, but they will everlastingly persist and determine the nature of our personality. Unfortunately these characteristic attributes are deteriorating as humanity is moulding us into the perfect person influencing us to regorge away from who we are (our so c whollyed insignificant selves) to what is desirable (a flawless model).Staying square(a) to yourself means to stick to what you believe in and cosmos whom you were meant to be, it means not sacrificing who you are to fit in with others. Although it whitethorn agnisem hard during this mean solar daylight and age to keep true to yourself with peer pressure, the media and portrayals factorising our change in personality, why do we hide behind their expectations? Why do we change ourselves to be accepted by pot who in the long run fag outt matter? A lot of respect goes to those who dont change themselves based on other peoples thoughts and indications, as theyve overcome society and destroyed social conditioning.As human beings we like to confront birth an idea of whom and what we want to bring to pass. Alice Pung, author of Growing up Asian in Australia enlightened her readers of her adolescentage struggles she faced whilst growing up, she said Most juvenile fiction gave me the idea that I needed extensive plastic surgery. Since the media has become maven of the close to powerful sources of information, we subconsciously condition ourselves to match what they draw us aiming to be as pretty as Angelina Jolie or as skinny as Miranda Kerr.However as we perfectly shape and sculpt our features into resembling these celebrities, we recidivate sight of who we really are and we just end up feel like a carbon copy of some single else. Each day magazines are printing out tips and tricks of being a size 6 and make up secrets which makes you appear older, these negative images being constantly shown and splatter across every news stand brainwash us into sentiment that if we arent a certain way we wont be popular or happy and therefore we feel unworthy accommodatingly purchasing products that will better us.According to Anastasia Goodstein, from Huffington Post, 80 percent of girls declare purchased an particular as a run of an ad in a teen magazine and 63 percent trust magazine ads. As a result girls become convinced that they require particular styluss to belong in a society that emphasizes materialism. Moreover, nearly of the fashion, diet and supportstyle advice is directed toward being desirable to men. Magazines stress sexuality as a central indistinguishability, minimizing all other attributes. The girls reading teen magazines begin to digest and trust the kernel that they are only sexual objects. confederate pressure is the influence exerted by a social meeting or an individual, encouraging other persons to change their attitudes, values, or behaviours in order to conform to group norms. Peer pressure is most commonly associated with youth, in part because most youth spend heavy(p) amounts of time in schools and other fixed groups that they do not aim and are seen as lacking the maturity to handle pressure from friends. Peer pressure can also have positive effects when people are pressured toward positive behaviour, such as volunteering for charity or excelling in academics or athletics, by their peers.However Risk taking behaviour is seemingly the most common as these same people engage in experimenting in alcohol, drugs and sex where these decisions are purely made on the basis of gaining popularity and engagement into these in groups. According to American Social Psychologist Wendy Treynors original identity operator shift effect hypothesis, Ones state of harmony is disrupted when faced with the brat of orthogonal conflict for failing to conform to a group standard.Thus, oneness conforms to the group standard, but as soon as one does, eliminating this external conflict, internal conflict is introduced . To rid oneself of this internal conflict, an identity shift is undertaken, where one adopts the groups standards as ones own, thereby eliminating internal conflict, returning one once once again to a state of harmony. Even though the peer pressure shape begins and ends with one in a state of harmony, as a result of conflict and the conflict resolution process, one leaves with a new identitya new set of internalized standards. As everyone within the friendship group aim to please each other and wear the new fashion trends, they lose any form of eccentricity and appear as replicates rather than individuals. Theyre all unanimous. As Simon Tong stated in Growing Up Asian in Australia, If I couldnt express myself, who w as myself? Portrayals and stereotypes are what test us the most in this life. A stereotype is a thought that whitethorn be adopted more or less specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things, but that belief may or may not accurately reflect reality.Such examples include women arent as smart as men, men are the backbone and women cant do as heavy of a job as a man. Whether or not we give into these typecasts define who we are. If you start to think you are worthless because youre a female and start believing that men are better than women you pause your personality where you turn into a coward cowering and depending on others. These lingering effects anguish people in a very real way, expiration them at a disadvantage. Labelling people in a negative manner has a lasting detrimental impact on those who experience the prejudice. Past studies have shown that people perform poorly in situations where they feel they are being stereotyped, says University of Toronto Scarboroughs Michael Inzlicht, who led the research. People are more likely to be aggressive after theyve faced prejudice in a disposed situation. They are more likely to exhibit a lack of self accountant. They have trouble making good, rational decisions. When being forced to screw with these perceptions, we change who we are in a negative way, often leaving our real selves behind in search for a more enhance self that is socially approved.Whilst some elements of the world out there may want us to conform, to change, to be something different than who we are, its up to us to decide what were going to do about it. Eleanor Roosevelt affirmed, No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. It is tough to stand oppose to the majority, to speak up in a world where judgement is echoed ubiquitously and thats why to stay true to yourself in this detrimental world, this harsh reality, is a great accomplishment it is rare for a person to be their true self without any underlyi ng lies that factorized their true intentions.No one is in control of you besides yourself therefore, you have the power to change anything about yourself or your life that you want to change. We can choose to make our own minds up about what is good and what is bad. We can choose to form our own version of pretty, handsome, clever, and so forth We can choose to like ourselves, value ourselves, or at to the lowest degree commit to learning how. Or we can choose to continue to see ourselves as inadequate and wrong and try to change ourselves. Its up to us, not him, her, or them.

Gilead’s strict laws Essay

In contrast, the presentation of Alison in The Millers Tale is of black humour, and an example of this is at the originate near the end of the myth where she humiliates Absolon, an opposite interested suitor, in a real(prenominal) vulgar and insulting counsel. He tries to romantically pursue her exactly she is non very interested in him, and so when she is still with Nicholas in the house, she decides to stick her bottom discover of the window for Absolon to kiss, instead of her face, which is what he had been expecting instead.Nicholas then(prenominal) decides to follow her example by sticking his bear bottom emerge of the window, little knowing that an enraged Absolon had gone and come back with a scorching coulter, ready to burn Alison, notwithstanding instead burns Nicholas. disdain her wild and unpleasant character, Alison is rather lucky to avoid and head for the hills any punishment, and that it is all the men who argon hankering after her, who instead travel ill-fated in shameful and unfortunate as yetts.However, with Alison and Abigail twain organism women, they be already in difficult positions in life, as they are both members of the slightly less important gender in their multiplication, and each be take over their own individual obstacles to overcome. Abigail Williams uses her power in The Crucible to whip up hysteria in the town during the crazy period of the Salem magnetise trials. Her involvement starts after she has a short lived sexual affair with tail varan whilst she is working as a house servant at his theatre.Whilst conjuration is in it just to fulfil whatever of his needs that he is not receiving at that time from his sick wife Elizabeth, Abigail sees it a swarm more than just a fling. After what we know about her troubled life and what she has been through, its no surprise really that Abigail feels lonely and would jut out at any chance she could have of some passion, love and affection, something she belie vably hadnt felt in a long time, if at all. When Elizabeth finds out about the affair, she throws Abigail out of the house, who then goes on to live with her uncle, Reverend Parris. tied(p) after John has discontinued the lechery with her, Abigail still wont run off trying to pursue him. She even goes so far as to rig Reverend Parriss slave Tituba into using her black magic in the forest to cast a spell of death on to Elizabeth. This is rather shocking that someone could be so cruel enough to really wish death upon someone else just to get something of theirs that they wanted and didnt really deserve. Tituba is in all probability the only other person in the stand for with a lower status than Abigail, since she is in the unfortunate position of being a black egg-producing(prenominal) slave.After Reverend Parris witnesses them with galore(postnominal) other girls in the forest seemingly practicing witchcraft, they are all sent to apostrophize to be trialled. Abigail does not stop there in her quest to avert Elizabeth, so she decides to use the trial as an opportunity to accuse Elizabeth of witchcraft in order to get her hanged. This whole vendetta of Abigails against Elizabeth watch over is all importantly based on jealousy, and she does not care who gets bruise in her goal to get at Elizabeth and win over John Proctor.Ironically enough, it is John himself who sacrifices himself at the end of the play for his pregnant wife, by confessing to witchcraft and being sentenced to death. Elizabeth Proctor herself is a rather decent and gentle woman, who shows bravery, loyalty and strength. She does form a strong dislike for Abigail, which is understandable though since she had been her husbands mistress whilst working as housekeeper at their home and Elizabeth also says to her husband She Abigail wants me dead, John.She seems to have much faith in her marriage, since she is willing to make it work between them by trying to acquit her husband for the affa ir. She even decides to protect his good reputation by not letting the court know about his adultery. She also tells John Proctor at the end of the play that she is partly to blame for his cheating, since she admits to being a cold wife (being not sexually responsive) who could have treated him a lot better.Elizabeth is another character who breaks a female stereotype, but in a very assorted way to Alison, as she is expected to ever so agree to sex but does not always. We can sympathise with Elizabeth because of the occurrence that she had been ill and was betrayed by her own husband, who had committed one of the worst clean-living crimes that a husband could do to his wife. She is evidently very hurt by it, and it would have taken a lot of strength for her to for indue him and endure on. The positions of women in The handmaids Tale are very different to that of where women rank in The Millers Tale and The Crucible.Whilst women may have fewer rights than men in the other two s tories, it is really zip in contrast to the way women are treated in The Handmaids Tale, where women really seem to have it the worst in the very chauvinistic and patriarchal society. The women of Gilead are divided into different groups and ranks. The legitimate groups of women let in the Handmaids, the Wives (of commanding officers), the Aunts, who train and supervise the Handmaids, and the Marthas, unmarried infertile women who are solely manifold with domestic work.And they are the lucky ones the illegitimate women are mainly unwomen, such as those who are sterile, feminist or socially deviant. The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood is about a dystopian world where many women are taken captive as Handmaids, and they are used by the government of the Republic of Gilead, a fictional country within the borders of the fall in States of America, to help continue the human race. These Handmaids are the only women left who are fertile, and it is their duty to become pregnant by the ir assigned commanders and have their babies, since the commanders wives cannot bear children themselves.In the society in this book, women are unredeemed for everything when it comes to conception and childbirth it is always thought to be the womans fault, any fault of the man is never even considered. Offred is one of the Handmaids, and she is the main protagonist and narrator of this book, telling us her personal touching story of what she experiences in this controlling world. Offred, like all the others Handmaids, is being controlled by this rigid totalitarian regime that is based on religion. Firstly, she is forcibly removed from her own family, her husband Luke and their young young woman.Earlier in the plot, the three of them had tried to escape across the border, but unfortunately they were all caught and separated from each other. Their daughter is taken away for adoption, whilst it is unknown what really happened to Luke. Offred is missing them tremendously and is o ft thinking about them and narrating these thoughts throughout the novel she wonders where her daughter is now and what she looks like, and she wonders where Luke ability be and whether he is even still alive or not. completely this information she tells us about her family gives us an idea of her background, and we have very good reasons to sympathise with her. Compelled by the regime into training as a Handmaid, they do all they can to strip her of her identity. They remove her bring up and give her the new slave name of Offred, meaning Of Fred, as she is now be to and property of a Commander named Fred. Other Handmaids are also given new names in the same way, such as Ofglen and Ofwarren. dissimilar like some of the other Handmaids, we are not directly told what Offreds real name is, though it is implied at the end of Chapter One that her name is June, since all the names listed apart from that one are accounted for at some point in the novel. This treatment of the Handmaids makes it seem as if they are animals, or objects. In addition, all the Handmaids wear a uniform of red draping garments, emblematic of several relevant things such as menstruation, childbirth and sexual sin.The frock are also designed to cover up the curves and shape of the effeminate body, in order to preserve modesty, much in the same way as many Muslim women do today. We get a deeper brainstorm into Offreds dreary and shocking job when she bluntly describes the ceremony. The way she describes it is that the Commander is fucking her, and that no other word or phrase, such as making love, copulation or rape, fit the situation quite rightly.And the commanders wife has to dutifully lie there with her and grip her hands, as if to pretend that it is she who is being fucked, and not Offred. This makes the situation all the more flaky and uncomfortable for everyone involved. Out of all the female characters that we are focusing on, Offred is probably the most sympathetic. She arguab ly has the most difficult lifestyle to tolerate and suffer, but she mainly follows what is expected of her out of her society, and hardly does anything erroneous.The only few times she does deviate from Gileads strict laws is when she has an illicit affair with Nick, the Commanders chauffer, which is set up by Serena Joy in order to add-on Offreds chances of conceiving a child, as Serena Joy herself believes that her husband could be infertile, even though this is against the law for anyone to think. Offred proves to be the only heroine out all our female characters, since Abigail and Alison are both villainous antagonists in their respective stories.

Write Up on Detection of Fraud

DETECTION OF FRAUD (A nurture on the Relations of finesse Detection, Redress and Reporting by Auditors, defend against imposture Detection the lineament of Auditors and the piece of Auditors Personality) Prep ard by- _________________________________________________________________________ put in The objective of this assignment is to promote critical thinking on to what end listeners comply with scrutiniseing standards once they encounter travesty and attenders compliance on managing device, the roll on take stockors negligence when it comes to ruse and the side arranges of tarradiddle take noneion towards personality.A selection of three articles that were chosen in identifying and subsequently analyse the carry on of impostor towards an individual, group or within an organisation. The three articles argon- * defend against Detection The Case of Auditors and Fraud? * Fraud contr roleplaying, right and describe by auditors, * Fraud Risk Assessment and Dete ction of Fraud The Moderating Effect of Personality. The objective for this assignment is to aim on the relationship in the midst of the auditors efficacy to appreciate invention risk and the magnate to detect the likelihood of dissimulator.Also, this accept considers the overall trend of development and the prospects for in store(predicate) changes regarding the auditors fraud detection responsibilities. INTRODUCTION almost of the individuals feel that auditors fail to comply with few important elements of fraud standards. Fraud re plays a signifi push asidet and challenging subject field through let out the method of accounting profession practically almost everywhere in the world.Dramatic financial scandals often takes place as soon after companies authorized apparent green light from their auditors have kept the tell a guide of fraud and the responsibility for its detection closely relate to auditors in extra. Auditors are compulsory by the auditing standards to provide reason equal assurance that the financial verbalizements are emancipate from every misstatements. Inability to accomplish so particularly fraud whitethorn expose the auditors to litigation. The detection of fraud is the most important portion of the auditors duties.Therefore, auditors should assiduously cultivate this branch of their activities. (Dicksee, 1990). Whenever in that location is a choppy alarm and collapse within the comp all, people tend to assume that the auditors negligently failed to spot something was wrong and the auditors failed to solve the issue. Detection of fraud is no long-lasting the principal audit objective but rather the subsidiary to the closing of the justness and fairness of corporate financial statements.This development in give tongue to audit objectives is often portrayed as a process of natural, unchallengeable evolution in which master key counselor came to meet changing worldly concern foresights and circumstances (Tricker , 1982). The growth in the size of business, the assumption of corporate precaution of a great responsibility for fraud detection and a huge acceptance of the increasingly uneconomic nature of audit-based fraud detection are usually identified as the main causes of the changing nature of audit responsibilities (CACA, 1986).CENTRAL ISSUES & PROBLEMS When it comes to reparation, it relates to the auditee taking measures situations where fraud has been detected. Given the existing standards on the map of auditors in fraud situations, the existence doing gap in this background can be due to several factors, including the wishing of knowledge or competence on how to act once corporate fraud is detected, lack of care in following protocol or the lack of independence of the auditor possibly because conflicting of interest.Given the sensitive nature of fraud reporting towards the societys expectations, compliance with fraud standards is crucial nowadays. 56% from youthful surve ys said that expectations of auditors rely on the auditors duty to detect fraud, while 42% believed that it is the responsibility to search actively for fraud (Steen, 1990). The issue of fraud is very essential for public accountants and auditors because litigation actions may be taken against them should they not be able to detect fraud during the engage of the audit.Take for example when Xerox was sanctioned for overstating earnings by US$3 billion, its auditor KPMG was liable for US$22 million in penalties (Ettradge, Sun, lee(prenominal) & Anandarajan, 2005). The present scenario is an extension whereby nurture shown that the effect of the auditors ability to assess fraud risk on their ability to detect the likelihood of fraud. gamey fraud risk scenario, the auditors ability to assess fraud risk has ordained effect on their ability to detect the likelihood of fraud, whereas in a low fraud risk scenario not.Adding to that watch, another factor which is the personality may affect the ability to detect the likelihood of fraud. The study predicts that there magnate be other factor that affects the auditors business concern performance that is in the ability to detect the likelihood of fraud. LITERATURE REVIEW The present study predicts that personality might have only moderating effect on the fraud detection ability.The present study illustrates and examines Big-5 factors of personality that are neuroticism, extraversion, painstakingness, openness to pay off and agreeableness because these factors are the basic dimensions of personality and it is pre superiorly viewed that many personality traits are subsumed under these five categories. This shows that personality does modulate job performance and by investigating the moderating affects of the personality factors on the relationship between the auditors ability to assess fraud risk and their ability to detect the likelihood of fraud.Attribution Theory This theory suggests that the level of future judge performance, in a particular line of work depends mainly on the particular causes to which previous success or failure in the uniform task is attributed. This theory is captivate because there is a need to assess the causal attribution of the auditors performance, i. e ability to detect the likelihood of fraud. With this study, the level of the future expected liability to detect the likelihood of fraud is attributed by the auditors prior ability to assess the level of fraud risk.Five-factor Theory 1. Neuroticism as a personality trait * This study shows that auditors who are eminent on neuroticism will not be able to perform in effect in their job as compared to those who are low on neuroticism, because those with in high spirits neuroticism tend to show negative attitudes. With such attitudes demonstrate, the auditors may not be able to appropriately detect the likelihood of fraud. In any fraud situation, high on neuroticism would diminish the relationship between th e ability to assess the risk and the ability to detect fraud altogether. . extraversion as a personality trait * When a person is experiencing unequivocal emotions, it may learn them to perform well in their job. In any risk situation, high on extraversion would have positive influence on the relationship between the auditors ability to assess fraud risk. 3. painstakingness as a personality trait * Individuals with high level of conscientiousness may be able to perform well in the job because of the characters such as organized and reliable are important facets for carrying out the audit work. 4.Openness to experience as a personality trait * An auditor is more open to experience he/she should be more able to detect the likelihood of fraud. Possessing traits such as intellectually curious, behaviorally flexible and nondogmatic in attitude and values can be considered as essential to handle risk. 5. Agreeableness as a personality trait * Auditor who demonstrates high level of agre eableness in his/her personality such as cooperativeness, corporate combining and adaptability would make them more competent in performing the jobs.METHODOLOGY The information pertaining to the study on the role of auditors in fraud cases, survey was channeliseed among audit furnishs of Dutch firms. The questionnaire contained three questions which were- 1. Questions relating to the features of the fraud cases auditors had experienced in the period. 2. Questions on the reporting and redress of the fraud cases 3. Questions on the perceived role of auditor in the redress process. The overall respond is satisfactory, especially considering the sensitive nature of the study.Secondly, in the study of the personality traits, 2 levels of ability to assess fraud risk and two levels of each dimension of personality factor. The factors of personality are neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience and agreeableness. The study in like manner practicing the indepe ndent auditors registered in Malaysia, designated as audit partner or audit manager who are attached to the auditing firms in Malaysia. FINDINGS Most auditors who do have experience eliminated fraud believe that fraud detection and process are often significant in order to denigrate risk.Auditors reporting of fraud according to the fraud standards and regulations are defined as below. 1. Reporting to focusing. As soon as auditors detect fraud or receive signals that could interpret as such, the auditor needs to report this to trouble in writing. 2. Reporting to the supervisory Board. auditing standards explicitly required certain types of fraud to be reported in writing to the supervisory board such as cases of way fraud, cases of material fraud, and cases whereby management refuses to redress the fraud. 3.The redress process. when the auditor has detected fraud and management has not yet taken appropriate steps to redress the effects of fraud, the auditor is required to dema nd that the fraud be redressed, i. e. the consequences of the fraud have to be rectified as utmost as possible and recurrence needs to be prevented. 4. Auditor relinquishation. The auditing standards allowed auditor to resign from the assignment of the fraud but required the auditor to resign if the case of material fraud was not redressed. 5. External reporting of fraud. Finally, the auditing standards state that when material fraud discovered during a statutory audit has not been redressed by the audit client within a reasonable succession frame, the auditor is not only required to resign from the engagement, but also to notify the dedicated government agency. Such procedure also addition the expansion of auditors fraud detection responsibilities by anticipate of willingness to play more active role in assessing and reporting on the adequacy of the companys system and inner(a) controls.Matters that should take into reflection when considering the disclosure is justified in the public interest may take * Fraud irregularities is likely to result in material gain or loss that effect a large number of people, * The extent to which non-disclosure of fraud is likely to enable it to be repeated with impunity, * Whether there is everyday management ethos within the entity of flouting the law and regulations, * The weight of evidence and the auditors judicial decision of the likelihood that fraud has been committed. CONCLUSIONIn attempting to interpret and understand changing audit responsibilities, there would appear to be much to be gained by moving beyond traditional rationalizations of a profession responding directly to public demands. Various changes can be regarded as reflective of the conflicting, political nature of a self-regulated accounting profession and the outcomes dependent on the professions pursuit of professional interests and the professions attempts to manage the interplay between its own interests and any competing public duties and ob ligations.It is right to acknowledge that public expectation that auditors should report suspected fraud was reasonable. It is recommended that auditors should be given greater encouragement to report whatever that is infallible and fit in reporting fraud detection. Additionally, it emphasized the role of internal control in the taproom and detection of fraud and suggested that where there was a legal responsibility for internal control systems, auditors should have a titular duty to report on their adequacy.Changes in the law would have a statutory duty to report suspected fraud at the same time. It stated that auditors should be left at liberty to report cases of fraud to the authorities without statutory backing and that any change in the flow position could be accomplished through revising the ethical guidance to auditors on professional conduct. Auditors have the duties to the rest of the community of which they are part and they owe to the community a more compelling duty which mustiness on occasion take first place.Public expectation must be given full weight in all matters (Accountancy Age, 12 celestial latitude 1985). In developing auditing guidance concerning to fraud, three considerations have proved dominant * The relative responsibilities of management and auditors for the prevention and detection of fraud, other illegal acts and irregularities and errors * The conduct of an audit in order to have a reasonable expectations of detect significant misstatements * The action to be taken when errors are discovered.With respect to the prevention and detection, all proposed guidance has emphasized the paramount responsibility of management, with the auditors responsibility being couched consistently in terms of materiality and the truth and fairness of the financial statements. The role of auditors is to properly plan, perform and evaluate his/her audit work so as to have a reasonable expectation of detecting material misstatements in the financial statements, whether they are caused by fraud, irregularities or errors.LIMITATIONS Auditors in any circumstances have no duty to act as an informer to the extent where it would jeopardise or destroy the trust and confidentiality on which it felt that auditing depended. The use of word informer indicates a roughly dismissive attitude to the possibility of breaking the confidential relationship with the management or publics expectation.Considerable resistance among auditors to the ideas that they should accept a general responsibility to detect fraud or extend their reporting responsibilities in the interest of the public. Whether changing audit responsibilities concerning detection of fraud come voluntarily or statutorily, such changes need to be based on greater awareness and continuing public investigation of the operation and capabilities of the audit function is this regard. Otherwise, it would anticipate that the position in the future will be with nfortunate, be little diffe rent in the roles and responsibilities of the accountancy profession towards the public interest. REFERENCES 1. Fraud Detection, Redress and Reporting by Auditors by Harold Hassink, Roger Meuwissen and Lauren Bollen. 2. Protecting against Detection The Case of Auditors and fraud? By Christopher Humphrey and Stuart Turley. 3. Fraud Risk Assessment and Detection of Fraud The Moderating Effect of Personality by Nahariah Jaffar, Hasnah Haron, Takiah Mohd Iskandar and Arfah Salleh.

Bachelor’s Degree and Partial Fulfillment Essay

Adviser Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science by the committal of Oral Examiners. Chairman Member Member Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science March, 2013 Dean, CITE Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis go forth not be possible without the help and support of the following individuals who gave their instruction and assistance in the development of this study.From the , we express much gratitude to our dean, , our adviser who assist us with all the academic requirements and greatly inspired us as we passed all the obstacles throughout the completion of this work. The Discipline Office especially for being compliant to our queries regarding the manual(a) system they pretend and about their specifications for the new system. The passel we most wish to thank are our families, for whom our education would not have been possi ble and who held faith in us and pushed us to achieve mastery in everything we do.This example of success is a great chance that we will stride for the victory of our lives. To our respective colleagues and to the members of the group, for the endless brainstorming from dusk manger dawn and coming up with concepts that helped us with this research. Lastly, of all the hardships and challenges that we encountered, we are meekly thankful because the Lord Almighty showered us knowledge, courage, and passion to endure and copy in the completion of this work.AbstractThe purpose of this study is to improve the manual record management system of the Discipline Office in by transforming it as a web-based system. The research study focuses on simplifying the difficult and time-consuming task of managing, tracking, and handling student discipline records and helps improve discipline by ensuring that students are held accountable for their actions effectively. Advantages and disadvantages o f both systems were identified by conducting this work.To gather the require data, interview and survey methods were used and analyzed by means of descriptive approach. The results showed that the respondents agree that an online system is more preferable to have than the other, as it gives benefits to the university by enabling them to efficiently handle discipline-related tasks. As stated from literatures, these findings clearly stress the need for the conversion of the offices manual system to construe the reliability and validity of records.

I.T and Hauhaus Essay

As they ar the competitor within the merchandise, the selling strategies to be use are similar. Therefore, it is easier to collect and compare the fiscal entropy and tie out the conclusion to see which participation would be outlayier to invest. The report covers the comp whatever and industry background, proportionality synopsis, hereafter forecast of cardinal companies performance. 2)Company Background Bauhaus (0483, HK) Bauhaus was launch in 1991. It has been listed on HKEX neckcloth commercialise since 2005. There are much than 200 retails store and over corners and point of sales in Hong Kong, Macau ,mainland mainland chinaware and Taiwan,.Apart from selling different unlike brand, like Cheap Monday, G-Star, EVISU etc, Bauhaus likewise building the offspringal anaesthetic brand desire Salad, T Tough Jeansmith and 80/20. It is a leading retail store in selling occasional(a) wear, especially for jeans item. There are 234 Bauhaus shops in Asia. Using the w holesale strategy, Bauhaus kitty expand the lineage from Asia to Western country. In the future, it may diversify its re flake line like launch more extraneous brand to accession its competiveness. I. T (0999, HK) I. T was found in November of 1988. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005.The Group has an ex gosive self managed retail network extending to nearly 450 stores crosswise Greater China with staff around 4,800. The brands are well recognised in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Australia, the Philippines and France. More stores exit be opened in these places in the future. The feature of I. T retail store is group some(prenominal) brands in a sizable retail location. It owns a number of in-house brands liked 5CM, fingercroxx and X- too erect, as well as distributing European and lacquerese designers brands such as French Connection and A Bathing anthropoid Comme des Garcons, D&G, etc. 3)Industry OutlookHong Kong is one of the invent hubs in Asia. There are a wind variety of topical anesthetic and international modality brand locate in that respect flagship store in Hong Kong. The competitive is dynamic and incentive. Hong Kong consumers are volitioning to spend capital on counterfeit and clothing. As the purchasing power of is full(prenominal), so the demand of spurt point of intersection is huge. According to CIA THE WORLD FACTBOOK, this entry gives the gross domestic convergence (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. From this effect, Hong Kong is ranking to 37 afterwards compared to 227 countries in the year of 2010.According to the information from Asia Case Research focus on (ACRC), it shows that retail is the 2nd largest sector in the service industry that accounted for 85. 7% of Hong Kongs GDP. Also, The Census and Statistics Department (CSD) indicate that the value of total retail sales in October 2011, provisionally estimated at $34. 2 billion, enlarged by 23. 1% over a year earlier. Analyzed by wide type of retail outlet and comparing October 2011 with October 2010, wearing apparel matu proportionalityn 14. 6% footwear, allied harvest-festivals and other clothing accessories increase 11. 3%.This data proofs that the demand of mold items is huge and purchasing power in this piece is relatively high. Besides, tourists come to Hong Kong are increase to each one year they set about with high purchase power in look items, especially those Chinese tourists. According to the statistics released by the Immig ration Department, about 800,000 to 900,000 Mainland visitors travel to Hong Kong monthly. It shows that Hong Kongs market has a huge potential development chance. According the data of Hong Kong government, the sales revenue of retailing business has a growth during April of 20010 to Feb of 2011.It is because the economic surround is advance than past year. Hong Kongs GDP fell in 2009 as a chair of the global financial crisis, but a convalescence began in third quarter 2009, and the economic remains grew nearly 6. 8% in 2010. In addition, Chinas providence growth fast, the performance of its thriftiness growth is with child(p)er than the other country. And Hong Kongs economy is influenced by China very much. In the future, we buttocks see that Hong Kongs retailing business will growth quick. It seems a great chance to develop the retail business however, in that location are some risks on the growth of fashion retail business in Hong Kong.Nowadays, Globalization is a hot topic of the world, more and more foreign brands enter in Hong Kong market, such as GAP, Forever 21, Zara, H&M and Monki, etc which brook good wrong and trendy design merchandises. They regarded Hong Kong as the stepping stones to go into the China market. With more mark in Hong Kong, the competition between them is becoming more intensive and serious. Therefore, the local fashion retail merchants induce to build up their compe titive advantages to withstand the electric shock from those foreign brands.Also, because of the inflation of Hong Kong and China, the cost of the materials, labor and transportation is getting high(prenominal)(prenominal). plume manufacturing is a labor intensive activity. The cost of garment is mainly from the increasing labor cost and transportation cost. In secernate to deal with, the retailer probably need to order more amount of quantity each time to achieve the economy of scale, so the cost will be lower. Furthermore, as we know that Hong Kongs rental price of shop is the send-off three expensive in the world. The rental price has been increasing rapidly in the recent years.From 2010 to 2011, the rental price was increased more than ten percent. So, rental price of the store is a core cost of any business, especially fashion retailer as it needs a large space for displaying and storing the products. The rental cost affects the kale of the fashion retailers. To conclude , Hong Kong fashion retail market is still positive. There are many great luck for Hong Kong fashion retail to expand its business. However, there are some doubt need to be acquit financial aid, such as the entrance of foreign brands and the unstable rental cost.So, the local fashion industry needs to draw a competitive strategy to deal with. For example, local fashion retailers shadow use the attractive marketing strategy, liked collaboration with other brands, provide excellent customer services and building great brand image. 4) proportionality analysis i) Test for advantageousness I. T (in HKD 000)Bauhaus (in HKD 000)* a)Return on Equity (Net income / Average stockholders virtue)416945/(1843212+1477723)/2 =25. 1%25. 1% b)Profit margins (Net income/ Net Sales)416945/3834422 =10. 9%11. 4% ii)Test for liquidity I. TBauhaus c) underway proportionality modern Asset/ Current liabilities1873282/1012495 1. 85%3. 3 d)Quick balance (Current Assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilitie s(1873282-736717)/1012495 =1. 1%1. 7 e)Inventory Turnover Cost of goods sold/ Average Inventory1405482/(736717+394520)/2 2. 52. 0 iii)Test for Solvency and blondness position I. TBauhaus f)Debt/Equity Ratio Total liabilities/ Total stockholders equity(1012495+429852)/1843282 0. 78(1497+126461)/494938 0. 26 iv) merchandise test I. TBauhaus g)Price/Earnings ratio Current Market Price per grapple/ Earning per Share4. 88/0. 33 =14. 82. 98/0. 32 =9. 3 h)Dividend Yield Ratio Dividends per parcel of land/ Market price per share0. 146/4. 8 =3. 0%0. 177/2. 98 =5. 9% *Quote from yearbook report* Two financial reports announced in different date- Bauhaus- For the year ended 31 March 2011 I. Tfor the year ended 28 February 2011 i )Test for Profit exponent Profitability is a basal tone of the overall success of the corporation. This is a class of ratios that are used to assess a businesss ability that generate lolly compared to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred. To determine rather the fellowship is precious for expend or non which need to get high utilityability when compared with competitors community.However, in fashion industry, the sales revenue is seasonal. For example, the sales revenue is much higher(prenominal)(prenominal) during Christmas and Chinese New category in Hong Kong. So, we should not compare the retailers fourth-quarter profit margin with the profit margin from the same period a year before because it would be far more informative. a)Returns on Equity This ratio indicating how much income was clear for every dollar invested by the stockholders. ROE give the gate buoy reflect if they hurt used the money that invested in the political party to generate much more income. If the ROE is low, it shows that the returns of the investors will not be high.And the company doesnt lend oneself the resources that they buzz off invested. Two companies go through a similar result of this ratio. both two companies put forward generat e about 20% of income using stockholders equity. It is because retail store is not very high coronation to enter the market it has higher ROE when compare to other industry liked turn of events Company. In order to measure the company is worth to investing on ROE ratio should not be lower than 15%. So, two companies are worth to invest on. b)Profit margin Profit margin is an exponent of a companys pricing strategies and how well it controls costs.It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of base hit higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin. The higher profit margin meaning that the company has a higher ability to generate profit. I. Ts result is 10. 9%, it is lower than Bauhaus 11. 4%. I. T should minimize the expense. Bauhaus has a higher profit margin in 2010/2011. It shows that they have put effort to maximize the profit. Since compared wit h last year (10. 5%), it has been increased. i) Test for liquidly It is a class of financial metrics that is used to determine a companys ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. A companys ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are quest payment. Bankruptcy analysts frequently use the liquidity ratios to determine whether a company will be able to continue as a loss concern. c) Current ratio This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay received debts as they become due. It is the important ratio that we can mark if the company has a good cash flow.If the debts recalled but the company does not have enough money to pay it, the company may be asked to bankrupt. On the other hand, live ratio should be in appropriate level. Ratio is too high convey the company did not fully give the present-day(prenominal) assets to generate the profit. Bauhaus have a higher on-going ratio than I. T, it means Bauhaus ability of move the debts is greater than I. T. It can more practice legitimate assets to generate more income. It shows that they have $3. 3current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. Investor need to concern the ability of a company that utilizes the current asset. I.T has a lower Current ratio than Bauhaus. However, it is enough ability for them to returning the current liabilities when they are recalled. And it shows that I. T has better utilization of the assets to generate profit. It shows that they have $1. 85 current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. d) Quick Ratio Quick Ratio is similar with the current ratio with no considerateness on the inventory factor. It is more representatives to measuring rather the company can return the current liabilities immediately. The quick assets included Cash, Accounts receivable etc. These assets can return into cash in short time.Inventory will not be counted in this ratio as it may need commodious- life time to return into cash and a risk of cannot be sold. It is a very important ratio for fashion industry, since the trends cycle of clothing is fast, the product may be in today, but out day tomorrow. So, fashion retailer should not keep too many inventories. Bauhaus have a higher in Quick ratio, however, compared with the current ratio, it is a great pas seul on two ratios. It means that the inventory tied up its current assets. It is not a good issue on a fashion company. They need to bare the risk on high discount of the product when the product is outdated.It will be high losses on the revenue. They can minimize the inventory through different method, liked big sale, spoil one get one free and so on. Although the quick ratio f I. T is lower than Bauhaus, it is enough to returning the debts when all the current debts are recalled. e) Inventory Turnover This ratio measure how quick of a company sells their inventory. Higher inventory upset lead to shorter cycle on inventor y. Since inventory is not easily being sold out and read into cash in a short period, fashion retailer should not hold too much inventory. Since fashion items are easily worn-out(a) out.If the company store too much stock, the risk of the inventory cannot be sold out will be increase. Also, the expenses of storing will be occurred. once the inventory is outdated, the company needs to sell it in a large mark down price. The profit of the company will be impact Since Bauhaus have a lower level on inventory, its inventory turnover will much slower than I. T. It may tie up the bully if the inventory cannot be sold. So, company should reduce the level of inventory. I. T has a greater performance on inventory turnover. It shows that they have shorter cycle on inventory.So that it is much easier transforming inventory into cash. iii) Test for Solvency and equity position Its a set of ratio that to test the company can be able to meet it long-term repayment responsibility. It provides a measurement of company can continue to meet its debt obligations. f) Debt/ equity Ratio This ratio measure a companys financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. I. Ts result is 0. 33, shows that $0. 33 liabilities that exists for each $1 invested by the owners.It is a very low value. Bauhauss result is 0. 21, which is lower than I. T. In the Balance Sheet, we can find out that Bauhaus did not ask for the long term debts from the third party. It shows that they dont have the interest burden. The result shows that two companies is not using the debt financing to acquire the financial resources, liked selling bonds, bills or notes to the investors. Debt financing is much higher risk than equity financing. As these two companies is listed company, they would like use the equity financing to chide money. And the equity financing method is more safety and no fixity interest burden. v) Market Test Market test relate the current market price of share of stock to an indicator of the return that aptitude accrue to the investor. It based on the share markets wisdom of the company. It can let the investor to know if the company is worth to invest. g) PE Ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share This ratio measure the kindred between the current market price of the stock and its earnings per share. The higher the ratio, the higher the perceived quality of the earnings by the share market. It besides shows the future growth of company.If the P/E ratio is too high, it means that the value of the company is overstated. And it is not a good choice to investing on that company. I. T have a higher PE ratio than Bauhaus it means that the quality of the earnings by the share market is higher. It is more worth to invest h) Dividends Yield ratio This ratio measures the dividend-paying performance of different investment altern atives. The higher of result, the better performance. Bauhaus have a higher result, it shows that they have higher dividend-paying performance. If the investor wants to put the money into low risk and long term investment.They can choose this company. 5)Limitation on analyses of ratio Since two financial reports is announce in different ended date. The result may not be accurate. The fashion retail industry turnover is seasonal, like The Chinese New Year of 2011 was in February so the sales turnover must be high in that moment. afterwards that, the turnover will be drop. So, these two companies will in different sales turnover rate. 6)Forecast of the companys future prospects This part can be divided in to two parts, the 5 years income statement analysis and potential risk of the company. a)I. TThe plot shows that turnover have been increased gradually during 2007 to 2011. Although 2008-2009s local economy is in down turn, the company still can strive to increase of turnover. It i s predict that the company will probably maintain the maturation since the economy situation is recovering and the local residents will spend more money on clothing items. The plat shows that I. T had undergone a diminution on profit in year 2009 due the poor economy situation. And they suffered decrease of financial income. And the operating expense was higher than 2008. After 2009, there was a great improvement on profit.It has six times more profit comparing during 2010and nine times during 2011. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment of the profit if it can keep the level of expenses. However, there are some risks have been raised. The operating cost is increasing during these 5 years. Since the rental price is much higher in the recent years. They should lodge different strategy in order to keep the cost in the low level. Another risk is that I. T needs to pay attention that is the vary issue. Since I. T sources many merchandises from different countries and the foreign exchange is unstable.For example, Japan YEN is much higher exchange rate. However, I. Ts get office purchase many Japanese fashion brand products. So the cost and price of the merchandises will be impacted by the exchange rate. To deal with risk management, I. T embed a risk rattling culture throughout the Group, the Internal Audit Department has implemented an annual internal control risk self-assessment to allow major business units to identify and analyze the risks underlying the achievement of business objectives and to determine a terra firma for how such identified risks to be managed and mitigated.In the coming future, I. T should pay more attention on risk management in order to prevent suffering from the economy situation and to have a greater growth. Bauhaus Bauhaus also have a gradual increase of turnover during 2007-2011. The increment from 2009 to 2010 was slowly. It may because of the economy situation was still not recovered yet. However, there was a sharply increment from 2010 to 2011. It is predict that, the turnover will be increased faster. Bauhaus also suffered a decrease of financial income in 2009.After 2009, there was an improvement on profit growth. However, the improvement is less than I. T. The diagram shows that the profit properly tends to be increased. Bauhaus also face the foreign currentness risk and operation cost increment risk. The Group continuously monitors its foreign exchange position and, when necessary, will hedge foreign exchange vulnerability arising from contractual commitments in sourcing apparel from overseas suppliers. Generally, the Group introduces conservative strategies on its financial risk management.In the future, Bauhaus will have a great growth. However, in the fashion business market, the information is run fast, the risk is incessantly happen. The company should build up a risk management system to minimize the risk of company operation. 7)Conclusion The financial performan ce of both Bauhaus and I. T compared in this report is great. And the prediction of their future growth is positive. Thereby, two companies are worth to be invested. The above ratios show that Bauhaus have a better performance than I. T.For the investor that can undergo low risk, so the investment on Bauhaus is more preferable. It is because the company growth and financial debt position is better, and it has a higher dividend yield, and they keep on paying the dividends in last 5 years. For the investor who wants to have higher return, I. T will be a good choice. It is because the PE ratio is lower, so the company still has a great improvement and the share price probably being increased. Its good for the investor that purchasing the stock in low price and then sold them in higher price.